Cloud controlled laser fabrication

ABSTRACT

An execution plan segment of an execution plan can be received at a control unit of a computer numerically controlled machine from a general purpose computer. The execution plan segment can define operations for causing movement of a moveable head of the computer numerically controlled machine to deliver electromagnetic energy to effect a change in a material within an interior space of the computer numerically controlled machine. The execution plan segment can include a predefined safe pausing point from which the execution plan can be restarted while minimizing a difference in appearance of a finished work-product relative to if a pause and restart are not necessary. Operations of the computer numerically controlled machine can be commenced only after determining that the execution plan segment has been received up to and including the predefined safe pausing point by the computer numerically controlled machine.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The current application is related to/claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to International Application No.: PCT/US16/017904 filed Feb. 12,2016, which claims priority under PCT Article 8 to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/115,562 filed Feb. 12, 2015; U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/115,571 filed Feb. 12, 2015; U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/222,756 filed Sep. 23, 2015; U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/222,757 filed Sep. 23, 2015; and U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/222,758 filed Sep. 23, 2015. Thewritten description, claims, and drawings of all of the aforementionedapplications are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The subject matter described herein relates to manufacturing processesimplementing, or aided by, distributed processing of CNC machine data.

BACKGROUND

Manufacturing systems, such as “3-D” printers, laser cutters, CNCmachines, and the like, can be used to create complicated items wheretraditional manufacturing techniques like moldings or manual assemblyfail. Such automated methods receive instructions that specify the cuts,layers, patterns, etc. before a machine begins construction. Theinstructions can be in the form of computer files transferred to thememory of a computer controller for the machine and interpreted atrun-time to provide a series of steps in the manufacturing process.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, a method includes receiving an execution plan segment ofan execution plan created at a general purpose computer. The receivingoccurs at a control unit of a computer numerically controlled machine,and the general purpose computer is not part of the computer numericallycontrolled machine (e.g. it is housed separately from the CNC machine).The execution plan segment defines operations for causing movement of amoveable head of the computer numerically controlled machine to deliverelectromagnetic energy to effect a change in a material within aninterior space of the computer numerically controlled machine. Theexecution plan segment further includes a predefined safe pausing pointfrom which a clean restart of the operations of the execution plan canbe performed. In other words, the predefined safe pausing point is onefrom which the execution plan can be restarted while minimizing adifference in appearance of a finished work-product relative to if apause and restart are not necessary. The method further includescommencing operations of the computer numerically controlled machinedefined in the execution plan segment only after determining that theexecution plan segment has been received up to and including thepredefined safe pausing point by the computer numerically controlledmachine.

In some variations one or more of the following features can optionallybe included in any feasible combination. A method can includedetermining that the execution plan comprises a next execution plansegment to be executed after the execution plan segment, and pausing theoperations at the predefined safe pausing point until the next executionplan segment is fully received. A method can include determining thatthe next execution plan segment is fully received, and restarting theoperations of the execution plan from the predefined safe pausing pointaccording to the next execution plan segment after the determining. Theexecution plan can include a motion plan defining movement of themoveable head and control commands for operation of one or more othercomponents of the computer numerically controlled machine. The one ormore other components can include one or more of a laser, a powersupply, a fan, a thermal control system, an air filter, a coolant, acoolant pump a light source, a lock, a camera mounted on the moveablehead, and a camera mounted inside the interior space but not on themoveable head. A method can include receiving, at the computernumerically controlled machine, a forecast of variations in sensor datato be generated by one or more sensors of the computer numericallycontrolled machine during the operations of the execution plan segment,and comparing actual data from the one or more sensors with theforecast. The forecast can be based on expected electrical, optical,mechanical, and thermal results of the operations of the execution plan.

In another interrelated aspect, a method includes a control unit of acomputer numerically controlled machine receiving a part of an executionplan created at a general purpose computer that is housed separatelyfrom (e.g. not part of) the computer numerically controlled machine. Theexecution plan defines operations for causing movement of a moveablehead of the computer numerically controlled machine to deliverelectromagnetic energy to effect a change in a material within aninterior space of the computer numerically controlled machine. Statedata are recorded for a plurality of subsystems of the computernumerically controlled machine while performing operations of thecomputer numerically controlled machine defined in the execution plan.The operations are paused at a point of the execution plan upondetermining that a next part of the execution plan to be completed hasnot been received. The operations of the execution plan are subsequentlyrestarted from the point, and the restarting includes performing one ormore actions to place the computer numerically controlled machine backinto its state at the point based on the recorded state data beforeresuming with the next part of the execution plan after it has beenreceived.

In another interrelated aspect, a computer numerically controlledmachine includes a network connection over which the numericallycontrolled machine receives data, a moveable head configured to deliverelectromagnetic energy to effect a change in a material within aninterior space of the computer numerically controlled machine, and acontroller configured to perform operations. The operations includereceiving an execution plan comprising a motion plan via the networkconnection, and causing the moveable head to execute actions defined inthe motion plan. Other operations, such as for example those discussedelsewhere herein, can optionally also be performed by the controller.

In some variations one or more of the following features can optionallybe included in any feasible combination. The execution plan can includea motion plan defining a temporal element indicating times or timeoffsets at which each action necessary to create fabricated resultshould occur. The motion plan can be precomputed at a remote computer incommunication with the network connection of the computer numericallycontrolled machine over a network that is at least one of lossy andhaving variable latency and/or having variable bandwidth. The networkcan be, for example, the Internet.

In another interrelated aspect, a computer numerically controlledmachine includes a moveable head configured to deliver electromagneticenergy to effect a change in a material within an interior space of thecomputer numerically controlled machine, and

a control unit configured to perform operations that enable operation ofthe computer numerically controlled machine using an execution plandelivered to the computer numerically controlled machine over a lossyand/or variable latency and/or variable bandwidth network connection.

Implementations of the current subject matter can include, but are notlimited to, methods consistent with the descriptions provided herein aswell as articles that comprise a tangibly embodied machine-readablemedium operable to cause one or more machines (e.g., computers, etc.) toresult in operations implementing one or more of the described features.Similarly, computer systems are also described that may include one ormore processors and one or more memories coupled to the one or moreprocessors. A memory, which can include a computer-readable storagemedium, may include, encode, store, or the like one or more programsthat cause one or more processors to perform one or more of theoperations described herein. Computer implemented methods consistentwith one or more implementations of the current subject matter can beimplemented by one or more data processors residing in a singlecomputing system or multiple computing systems. Such multiple computingsystems can be connected and can exchange data and/or commands or otherinstructions or the like via one or more connections, including but notlimited to a connection over a network (e.g. the Internet, a wirelesswide area network, a local area network, a wide area network, a wirednetwork, or the like), via a direct connection between one or more ofthe multiple computing systems, etc.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, show certain aspects of the subject matterdisclosed herein and, together with the description, help explain someof the principles associated with the disclosed implementations. In thedrawings,

FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a CNC machine with a camera positionedto capture an image of the entire material bed and another camerapositioned to capture an image of a portion of the material bed,consistent with some implementations of the current subject matter;

FIG. 2 is a top view of the implementation of the CNC machine shown inFIG. 1;

FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating one example of an SVG source file,consistent with some implementations of the current subject matter;

FIG. 3B is an example of a graphical representation of the cut path inthe CNC machine, consistent with some implementations of the currentsubject matter;

FIG. 3C is a diagram illustrating the machine file corresponding to thecut path and the source file, consistent with some implementations ofthe current subject matter;

FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating the addition of images, consistentwith some implementations of the current subject matter;

FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating the subtraction of images, consistentwith some implementations of the current subject matter;

FIG. 4C is a diagram illustrating the differencing of images to isolatea simulated internal lighting effect, consistent with someimplementations of the current subject matter;

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a cloud-based system supportingoperation of a CNC machine, consistent with some implementations of thecurrent subject matter;

FIG. 6 is a process flow chart illustrating generating a motion plan fora CNC machine on distributed computing systems, consistent with someimplementations of the current subject matter;

FIG. 7 is a system diagram illustrating general purpose computerexecuting an execution plan to control a CNC machine, consistent withimplementations of the current subject matter;

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of determination of a safepause point in a motion and/or execution plan for a CNC machine,consistent with some implementations of the current subject matter;

FIG. 9 is a process flow chart illustrating a method for determinationof a safe pause point in a motion and/or execution plan for a CNCmachine, consistent with implementations of the current subject matter;

FIG. 10 is a process flow chart illustrating generating a projectpreview on a distributed computing system, consistent with someimplementations of the current subject matter;

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a material overlay for previewing aproject, consistent with some implementations of the current subjectmatter;

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a collection of 2-D patterns previewedas a three dimensional object, consistent with some implementations ofthe current subject matter;

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating parametric modeling incorporated intoa project preview, consistent with some implementations of the currentsubject matter;

FIG. 14 is a process flow chart a method for updating a motion planbased on sensor data, consistent with implementations of the currentsubject matter;

FIG. 15 is a process flow chart illustrating features of a methodconsistent with implementations of the current subject matter; and

FIG. 16 is a process flow chart illustrating features of a methodconsistent with implementations of the current subject matter.

When practical, similar reference numbers denote similar structures,features, or elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The details of one or more variations of the subject matter describedherein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the descriptionbelow. Other features and advantages of the subject matter describedherein will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from theclaims. While certain features of the currently disclosed subject mattermay be described for illustrative purposes in relation to usingmachine-vision for aiding automated manufacturing processes (e.g. a CNCprocess), it should be readily understood that such features are notintended to be limiting.

As used herein, the term “cutting” can generally refer to altering theappearance, properties, and/or state of a material. Cutting can include,for example, making a through-cut, engraving, bleaching, curing,burning, etc. Engraving, when specifically referred to herein, indicatesa process by which a CNC machine modifies the appearance of the materialwithout fully penetrating it. For example, in the context of a lasercutter, it can mean removing some of the material from the surface, ordiscoloring the material e.g. through an application of focusedelectromagnetic radiation delivering electromagnetic energy as describedbelow.

As used herein, the term “laser” includes any electromagnetic radiationor focused or coherent energy source that (in the context of being acutting tool) uses photons to modify a substrate or cause some change oralteration upon a material impacted by the photons. Lasers (whethercutting tools or diagnostic) can be of any desired wavelength, includingfor example, microwave, lasers, infrared lasers, visible lasers, UVlasers, X-ray lasers, gamma-ray lasers, or the like.

Also, as used herein, “cameras” includes, for example, visible lightcameras, black and white cameras, IR or UV sensitive cameras, individualbrightness sensors such as photodiodes, sensitive photon detectors suchas a photomultiplier tube or avalanche photodiodes, detectors ofinfrared radiation far from the visible spectrum such as microwaves,X-rays, or gamma rays, optically filtered detectors, spectrometers, andother detectors that can include sources providing electromagneticradiation for illumination to assist with acquisition, for example,flashes, UV lighting, etc.

Also, as used herein, reference to “real-time” actions includes somedegree of delay or latency, either programmed intentionally into theactions or as a result of the limitations of machine response and/ordata transmission. “Real-time” actions, as used herein, are intended toonly approximate an instantaneous response, or a response performed asquickly as possible given the limits of the system, and do not imply anyspecific numeric or functional limitation to response times or themachine actions resulting therefrom.

Also, as used herein, unless otherwise specified, the term “material” isthe material that is on the bed of the CNC machine. For example, if theCNC machine is a laser cutter, lathe, or milling machine, the materialis what is placed in the CNC machine to be cut, for example, the rawmaterials, stock, or the like. In another example, if the CNC machine isa 3-D printer, then the material is either the current layer, orpreviously existent layers or substrate, of an object being crafted bythe 3-D printing process. In yet another example, if the CNC machine isa printer, then the material can be the paper onto which the CNC machinedeposits ink.

Introduction

A computer numerical controlled (CNC) machine is a machine that is usedto add or remove material under the control of a computer. There can beone or more motors or other actuators that move one or more heads thatperform the adding or removing of material. For CNC machines that addmaterial, heads can incorporate nozzles that spray or release polymersas in a typical 3D printer. In some implementations, the heads caninclude an ink source such as a cartridge or pen. In the case of 3-Dprinting, material can be built up layer by layer until a fully realized3D object has been created. In some implementations, the CNC machine canscan the surface of a material such as a solid, a liquid, or a powder,with a laser to harden or otherwise change the material properties ofsaid material. New material may be deposited. The process can berepeated to build successive layers. For CNC machines that removematerial, the heads can incorporate tools such as blades on a lathe,drag knives, plasma cutters, water jets, bits for a milling machine, alaser for a laser cutter/engraver, etc.

FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a CNC machine 100 with a camerapositioned to capture an image of an entire material bed 150 and anothercamera positioned to capture an image of a portion of the material bed150, consistent with some implementations of the current subject matter.FIG. 2 is a top view of the implementation of the CNC machine 100 shownin FIG. 1.

The CNC machine 100 shown in FIG. 1 corresponds to one implementation ofa laser cutter. While some features are described in the context of alaser cutter, this is by no means intended to be limiting. Many of thefeatures described below can be implemented with other types of CNCmachines. The CNC machine 100 can be, for example, a lathe, engraver,3D-printer, milling machine, drill press, saw, etc.

While laser cutter/engravers share some common features with CNCmachines, they have many differences and present particularlychallenging design constraints. A laser cutter/engraver is subject toregulatory guidelines that restrict the egress of electromagneticradiation from the unit when operating, making it challenging for lightto enter or escape the unit safely, for example to view or record animage of the contents. The beam of a laser cutter/engraver must berouted from the emitter to the area to be machined, potentiallyrequiring a series of optical elements such as lenses and mirrors. Thebeam of a laser cutter/engraver is easily misdirected, with a smallangular deflection of any component relating to the beam pathpotentially resulting in the beam escaping the intended path,potentially with undesirable consequences. A laser beam may be capableof causing material destruction if uncontrolled. A laser cutter/engravermay require high voltage and/or radio frequency power supplies to drivethe laser itself. Liquid cooling is common in laser cutter/engravers tocool the laser, requiring fluid flow considerations. Airflow isimportant in laser cutter/engraver designs, as air may becomecontaminated with byproducts of the laser's interaction with thematerial such as smoke, which may in turn damage portions of the machinefor example fouling optical systems. The air exhausted from the machinemay contain undesirable byproducts such as smoke that must be routed orfiltered, and the machine may need to be designed to prevent suchbyproducts from escaping through an unintended opening, for example bysealing components that may be opened. Unlike most machining tools, thekerf—the amount of material removed during the operation—is both smalland variable depending on the material being processed, the power of thelaser, the speed of the laser, and other factors, making it difficult topredict the final size of the object. Also unlike most machining tools,the output of the laser cutter/engraver is very highly dependent on thespeed of operation; a momentary slowing can destroy the workpiece bydepositing too much laser energy. In many machining tools, operatingparameters such as tool rotational speed and volume of material removedare easy to continuously predict, measure, and calculate, while lasercutter/engravers are more sensitive to material and other conditions. Inmany machining tools, fluids are used as coolant and lubricant; in lasercutter/engravers, the cutting mechanism does not require physicalcontact with the material being affected, and air or other gasses may beused to aid the cutting process in a different manner, by facilitatingcombustion or clearing debris, for example.

The CNC machine 100 can have a housing surrounding an enclosure orinterior area defined by the housing. The housing can include walls, abottom, and one or more openings to allow access to the CNC machine 100,etc. There can be a material bed 150 that can include a top surface onwhich the material 140 generally rests.

In the implementation of FIG. 1, the CNC machine can also include anopenable barrier as part of the housing to allow access between anexterior of the CNC machine and an interior space of the CNC machine.The openable barrier can include, for example, one or more doors,hatches, flaps, and the like that can actuate between an open positionand a closed position. The openable barrier can attenuate thetransmission of light between the interior space and the exterior whenin a closed position. Optionally, the openable barrier can betransparent to one or more wavelengths of light or be comprised ofportions of varying light attenuation ability. One type of openablebarrier can be a lid 130 that can be opened or closed to put material140 on the material bed 150 on the bottom of the enclosure. Variousexample implementations discussed herein include reference to a lid. Itwill be understood that absent explicit disclaimers of other possibleconfigurations of the operable barrier or some other reason why a lidcannot be interpreted generically to mean any kind of openable barrier,the use of the term lid is not intended to be limiting. One example ofan openable barrier can be a front door that is normally vertical whenin the closed position and can open horizontally or vertically to allowadditional access. There can also be vents, ducts, or other accesspoints to the interior space or to components of the CNC machine 100.These access points can be for access to power, air, water, data, etc.Any of these access points can be monitored by cameras, positionsensors, switches, etc. If they are accessed unexpectedly, the CNCmachine 100 can execute actions to maintain the safety of the user andthe system, for example, a controlled shutdown. In otherimplementations, the CNC machine 100 can be completely open (i.e. nothaving a lid 130, or walls). Any of the features described herein canalso be present in an open configuration, where applicable.

As described above, the CNC machine 100 can have one or more movableheads that can be operated to alter the material 140. In someimplementations, for example the implementation of FIG. 1, the movablehead can be the head 160. There may be multiple movable heads, forexample two or more mirrors that separately translate or rotate in ableto locate a laser beam, or multiple movable heads that operateindependently, for example two mill bits in a CNC machine capable ofseparate operation, or any combination thereof. In the case of alaser-cutter CNC machine, the head 160 can include optical components,mirrors, cameras, and other electronic components used to perform thedesired machining operations. Again, as used herein, the head 160typically is a laser-cutting head, but can be a movable head of anytype.

The head 160, in some implementations, can be configured to include acombination of optics, electronics, and mechanical systems that can, inresponse to commands, cause a laser beam or electromagnetic radiation tobe delivered to cut or engrave the material 140. The CNC machine 100 canalso execute operation of a motion plan for causing movement of themovable head. As the movable head moves, the movable head can deliverelectromagnetic energy to effect a change in the material 140 that is atleast partially contained within the interior space. In oneimplementation, the position and orientation of the optical elementsinside the head 160 can be varied to adjust the position, angle, orfocal point of a laser beam. For example, mirrors can be shifted orrotated, lenses translated, etc. The head 160 can be mounted on atranslation rail 170 that is used to move the head 160 throughout theenclosure. In some implementations the motion of the head can be linear,for example on an X axis, a Y axis, or a Z axis. In otherimplementations, the head can combine motions along any combination ofdirections in a rectilinear, cylindrical, or spherical coordinatesystem.

A working area for the CNC machine 100 can be defined by the limitswithin which the movable head can cause delivery of a machining action,or delivery of a machining medium, for example electromagnetic energy.The working area can be inside the interior space defined by thehousing. It should be understood that the working area can be agenerally three-dimensional volume and not a fixed surface. For example,if the range of travel of a vertically oriented laser cutter is a10″×10″ square entirely over the material bed 150, and the laser fromthe laser beam comes out of the laser cutter at a height of 4″ above thematerial bed of the CNC machine, that 400 in² volume can be consideredto be the working area. Restated, the working area can be defined by theextents of positions in which material 140 can be worked by the CNCmachine 100, and not necessarily tied or limited by the travel of anyone component. For example, if the head 160 could turn at an angle, thenthe working area could extend in some direction beyond the travel of thehead 160. By this definition, the working area can also include anysurface, or portion thereof, of any material 140 placed in the CNCmachine 100 that is at least partially within the working area, if thatsurface can be worked by the CNC machine 100. Similarly, for oversizedmaterial, which may extend even outside the CNC machine 100, only partof the material 140 might be in the working area at any one time.

The translation rail 170 can be any sort of translating mechanism thatenables movement of the head 160 in the X-Y direction, for example asingle rail with a motor that slides the head 160 along the translationrail 170, a combination of two rails that move the head 160, acombination of circular plates and rails, a robotic arm with joints,etc.

Components of the CNC machine 100 can be substantially enclosed in acase or other enclosure. The case can include, for example, windows,apertures, flanges, footings, vents, etc. The case can also contain, forexample, a laser, the head 160, optical turning systems, cameras, thematerial bed 150, etc. To manufacture the case, or any of itsconstituent parts, an injection-molding process can be performed. Theinjection-molding process can be performed to create a rigid case in anumber of designs. The injection molding process may utilize materialswith useful properties, such as strengthening additives that enable theinjection molded case to retain its shape when heated, or absorptive orreflective elements, coated on the surface or dispersed throughout thematerial for example, that dissipate or shield the case from laserenergy. As an example, one design for the case can include a horizontalslot in the front of the case and a corresponding horizontal slot in therear of the case. These slots can allow oversized material to be passedthrough the CNC machine 100.

Optionally, there can be an interlock system that interfaces with, forexample, the openable barrier, the lid 130, door, and the like. Such aninterlock is required by many regulatory regimes under manycircumstances. The interlock can then detect a state of opening of theopenable barrier, for example, whether a lid 130 is open or closed. Insome implementations, an interlock can prevent some or all functions ofthe CNC machine 100 while an openable barrier, for example the lid 130,is in the open state (e.g. not in a closed state). The reverse can betrue as well, meaning that some functions of the CNC machine 100 can beprevented while in a closed state. There can also be interlocks inseries where, for example, the CNC machine 100 will not operate unlessboth the lid 130 and the front door are both closed. Furthermore, somecomponents of the CNC machine 100 can be tied to states of othercomponents of the CNC machine, such as not allowing the lid 130 to openwhile the laser is on, a movable component moving, a motor running,sensors detecting a certain gas, etc. In some implementations, theinterlock can prevent emission of electromagnetic energy from themovable head when detecting that the openable barrier is not in theclosed position.

Converting Source Files to Motion Plans

A traditional CNC machine accepts a user drawing, acting as a sourcefile that describes the object the user wants to create or the cuts thata user wishes to make. Examples of source files are:

1) .STL files that define a three-dimensional object that can befabricated with a 3D printer or carved with a milling machine,

2) .SVG files that define a set of vector shapes that can be used to cutor draw on material,

3) .JPG files that define a bitmap that can be engraved on a surface,and

4) CAD files or other drawing files that can be interpreted to describethe object or operations similarly to any of the examples above.

FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating one example of an SVG source file 310,consistent with some implementations of the current subject matter. FIG.3B is an example of a graphical representation 320 of the cut path 330in the CNC machine, consistent with some implementations of the currentsubject matter. FIG. 3C is a diagram illustrating the machine file 340that would result in a machine creating the cut path 330, created fromthe source file 310, consistent with some implementations of the currentsubject matter. The example source file 310 represents a work surfacethat is 640×480 units with a 300×150 unit rectangle whose top leftcorner is located 100 units to the right and 100 units down from thetop-left corner of the work surface. A computer program can then convertthe source file 310 into a machine file 340 that can be interpreted bythe CNC machine 100 to take the actions illustrated in FIG. 3B. Theconversion can take place on a local computer where the source filesreside on the CNC machine 100, etc.

The machine file 340 describes the idealized motion of the CNC machine100 to achieve the desired outcome. Take, for example, a 3D printer thatdeposits a tube-shaped string of plastic material. If the source filespecifies a rectangle then the machine file can instruct the CNC machineto move along a snakelike path that forms a filled in rectangle, whileextruding plastic. The machine file can omit some information, as well.For example, the height of the rectangle may no longer be directlypresent in the machine file; the height will be as tall as the plastictube is high. The machine file can also add some information. Forexample, the instruction to move the print head from its home positionto a corner of the rectangle to begin printing. The instructions caneven depart from the directly expressed intent of the user. A commonsetting in 3D printers, for example, causes solid shapes to be renderedas hollow in the machine file to save on material cost.

As shown by the example of FIGS. 3A-C, the conversion of the source file310 to the machine file 330 can cause the CNC machine to move thecutting tool from (0,0) (in FIG. 3B) to the point at which cutting is tobegin, activate the cutting tool (for example lower a drag knife orenergize a laser), trace the rectangle, deactivate the cutting tool, andreturn to (0,0).

Once the machine file has been created, a motion plan for the CNCmachine 100 can be generated. The motion plan contains the data thatdetermines the actions of components of the CNC machine 100 at differentpoints in time. The motion plan can be generated on the CNC machine 100itself or by another computing system. A motion plan can be a stream ofdata that describes, for example, electrical pulses that indicateexactly how motors should turn, a voltage that indicates the desiredoutput power of a laser, a pulse train that specifies the rotationalspeed of a mill bit, etc. Unlike the source files and the machine filessuch as G-code, motion plans are defined by the presence of a temporalelement, either explicit or inferred, indicating the time or time offsetat which each action should occur. This allows for one of the keyfunctions of a motion plan, coordinated motion, wherein multipleactuators coordinate to have a single, pre-planned affect.

The motion plan renders the abstract, idealized machine file as apractical series of electrical and mechanical tasks. For example, amachine file might include the instruction to “move one inch to theright at a speed of one inch per second, while maintaining a constantnumber of revolutions per second of a cutting tool.” The motion planmust take into consideration that the motors cannot accelerateinstantly, and instead must “spin up” at the start of motion and “spindown” at the end of motion. The motion plan would then specify pulses(e.g. sent to stepper motors or other apparatus for moving the head orother parts of a CNC machine) occurring slowly at first, then faster,then more slowly again near the end of the motion.

The machine file is converted to the motion plan by the motioncontroller/planner. Physically, the motion controller can be a generalor special purpose computing device, such as a high performancemicrocontroller or single board computer coupled to a Digital SignalProcessor (DSP). The job of the motion controller is to take the vectormachine code and convert it into electrical signals that will be used todrive the motors on the CNC machine 100, taking in to account the exactstate of the CNC machine 100 at that moment (e.g. “since the machine isnot yet moving, maximum torque must be applied, and the resulting changein speed will be small”) and physical limitations of the machine (e.g.accelerate to such-and-such speed, without generating forces in excessof those allowed by the machine's design). The signals can be step anddirection pulses fed to stepper motors or location signals fed toservomotors among other possibilities, which create the motion andactions of the CNC machine 100, including the operation of elements likeactuation of the head 160, moderation of heating and cooling, and otheroperations. In some implementations, a compressed file of electricalsignals can be decompressed and then directly output to the motors.These electrical signals can include binary instructions similar to l'sand 0's to indicate the electrical power that is applied to each inputof each motor over time to effect the desired motion.

In the most common implementation, the motion plan is the only stagethat understands the detailed physics of the CNC machine 100 itself, andtranslates the idealized machine file into implementable steps. Forexample, a particular CNC machine 100 might have a heavier head, andrequire more gradual acceleration. This limitation is modeled in themotion planner and affects the motion plan. Each model of CNC machinecan require precise tuning of the motion plan based on its measuredattributes (e.g. motor torque) and observed behavior (e.g. belt skipswhen accelerating too quickly). The CNC machine 100 can also tune themotion plan on a per-machine basis to account for variations from CNCmachine to CNC machine.

The motion plan can be generated and fed to the output devices inreal-time, or nearly so. The motion plan can also be pre-computed andwritten to a file instead of streamed to a CNC machine, and then readback from the file and transmitted to the CNC machine 100 at a latertime. Transmission of instructions to the CNC machine 100, for example,portions of the machine file or motion plan, can be streamed as a wholeor in batches from the computing system storing the motion plan. Batchescan be stored and managed separately, allowing pre-computation oradditional optimization to be performed on only part of the motion plan.In some implementations, a file of electrical signals, which may becompressed to preserve space and decompressed to facilitate use, can bedirectly output to the motors. The electrical signals can include binaryinstructions similar to l's and 0's to indicate actuation of the motor.

The motion plan can be augmented, either by precomputing in advance orupdating in real-time, with the aid of machine vision. Machine vision isa general term that describes the use of sensor data, and not onlylimited to optical data, in order to provide additional input to machineoperation. Other forms of input can include, for example, audio datafrom an on-board sound sensor such as a microphone, orposition/acceleration/vibration data from an on-board sensor such as agyroscope or accelerometer. Machine vision can be implemented by usingcameras to provide images of, for example, the CNC machine 100, thematerial being operated on by the CNC machine, the environment of theCNC machine 100 (if there is debris accumulating or smoke present), orany combination of these. These cameras can then route their output to acomputer for processing. By viewing the CNC machine 100 in operation andanalyzing the image data it can, for example, be determined if the CNCmachine 100 is working correctly, if the CNC machine 100 is performingoptimally, the current status of the CNC machine 100 or subcomponents ofthe CNC machine 100, etc. Similarly, the material can be imaged and, forexample, the operation of the CNC machine 100 can be adjusted accordingto instructions, users can be notified when the project is complete, orinformation about the material can be determined from the image data.Error conditions can be identified, such as if a foreign body has beeninadvertently left in the CNC machine 100, the material has beeninadequately secured, or the material is reacting in an unexpected wayduring machining.

Camera Systems

Cameras can be mounted inside the CNC machine 100 to acquire image dataduring operation of the CNC machine 100. Image data refers to all datagathered from a camera or image sensor, including still images, streamsof images, video, audio, metadata such as shutter speed and aperturesettings, settings or data from or pertaining to a flash or otherauxiliary information, graphic overlays of data superimposed upon theimage such as GPS coordinates, in any format, including but not limitedto raw sensor data such as a .DNG file, processed image data such as aJPG file, and data resulting from the analysis of image data processedon the camera unit such as direction and velocity from an optical mousesensor. For example, there can be cameras mounted such that they gatherimage data from (also referred to as ‘view’ or ‘image’) an interiorportion of the CNC machine 100. The viewing can occur when the lid 130is in a closed position or in an open position or independently of theposition of the lid 130. In one implementation, one or more cameras, forexample a camera mounted to the interior surface of the lid 130 orelsewhere within the case or enclosure, can view the interior portionwhen the lid 130 to the CNC machine 100 is a closed position. Inparticular, in some preferred embodiments, the cameras can image thematerial 140 while the CNC machine 100 is closed and, for example, whilemachining the material 140. In some implementations, cameras can bemounted within the interior space and opposite the working area. Inother implementations, there can be a single camera or multiple camerasattached to the lid 130. Cameras can also be capable of motion such astranslation to a plurality of positions, rotation, and/or tilting alongone or more axes. One or more cameras mounted to a translatable support,such as a gantry 210, which can be any mechanical system that can becommanded to move (movement being understood to include rotation) thecamera or a mechanism such as a mirror that can redirect the view of thecamera, to different locations and view different regions of the CNCmachine. The head 160 is a special case of the translatable support,where the head 160 is limited by the track 220 and the translation rail170 that constrain its motion.

Lenses can be chosen for wide angle coverage, for extreme depth of fieldso that both near and far objects may be in focus, or many otherconsiderations. The cameras may be placed to additionally capture theuser so as to document the building process, or placed in a locationwhere the user can move the camera, for example on the underside of thelid 130 where opening the CNC machine 100 causes the camera to point atthe user. Here, for example, the single camera described above can takean image when the lid is not in the closed position. Such an image caninclude an object, such as a user, that is outside the CNC machine 100.Cameras can be mounted on movable locations like the head 160 or lid 130with the intention of using video or multiple still images taken whilethe camera is moving to assemble a larger image, for example scanningthe camera across the material 140 to get an image of the material 140in its totality so that the analysis of image data may span more thanone image.

As shown in FIG. 1, a lid camera 110, or multiple lid cameras, can bemounted to the lid 130. In particular, as shown in FIG. 1, the lidcamera 110 can be mounted to the underside of the lid 130. The lidcamera 110 can be a camera with a wide field of view 112 that can imagea first portion of the material 140. This can include a large fractionof the material 140 and the material bed or even all of the material 140and material bed 150. The lid camera 110 can also image the position ofthe head 160, if the head 160 is within the field of view of the lidcamera 110. Mounting the lid camera 110 on the underside of the lid 130allows for the user to be in view when the lid 130 is open. This can,for example, provide images of the user loading or unloading thematerial 140, or retrieving a finished project. Here, a number ofsub-images, possibly acquired at a number of different locations, can beassembled, potentially along with other data like a source file such asan SVG or digitally rendered text, to provide a final image. When thelid 130 is closed, the lid camera 110 rotates down with the lid 130 andbrings the material 140 into view.

Also as shown in FIG. 1, a head camera 120 can be mounted to the head160. The head camera 120 can have a narrower field of view 122 and takehigher resolution images of a smaller area, of the material 140 and thematerial bed, than the lid camera 110. One use of the head camera 120can be to image the cut made in the material 140. The head camera 120can identify the location of the material 140 more precisely thanpossible with the lid camera 110.

Other locations for cameras can include, for example, on an opticalsystem guiding a laser for laser cutting, on the laser itself, inside ahousing surrounding the head 160, underneath or inside of the materialbed 150, in an air filter or associated ducting, etc. Cameras can alsobe mounted outside the CNC machine 100 to view users or view externalfeatures of the CNC machine 100.

Multiple cameras can also work in concert to provide a view of an objector material 140 from multiple locations, angles, resolutions, etc. Forexample, the lid camera 110 can identify the approximate location of afeature in the CNC machine 100. The CNC machine 100 can then instructthe head 160 to move to that location so that the head camera 120 canimage the feature in more detail.

While the examples herein are primarily drawn to a laser cutter, the useof the cameras for machine vision in this application is not limited toonly that specific type of CNC machine 100. For example, if the CNCmachine 100 were a lathe, the lid camera 110 can be mounted nearby toview the rotating material 140 and the head 160, and the head camera 120located near the cutting tool. Similarly, if the CNC machine 100 were a3D printer, the head camera 120 can be mounted on the head 160 thatdeposits material 140 for forming the desired piece.

An image recognition program can identify conditions in the interiorportion of the CNC machine 100 from the acquired image data. Theconditions that can be identified are described at length below, but caninclude positions and properties of the material 140, the positions ofcomponents of the CNC machine 100, errors in operation, etc. Based inpart on the acquired image data, instructions for the CNC machine 100can be created or updated. The instructions can, for example, act tocounteract or mitigate an undesirable condition identified from theimage data. The instructions can include changing the output of the head160. For example, for a CNC machine 100 that is a laser cutter, thelaser can be instructed to reduce or increase power or turn off. Also,the updated instructions can include different parameters for motionplan calculation, or making changes to an existing motion plan, whichcould change the motion of the head 160 or the gantry 210. For example,if the image indicates that a recent cut was offset from its desiredlocation by a certain amount, for example due to a part moving out ofalignment, the motion plan can be calculated with an equal and oppositeoffset to counteract the problem, for example for a second subsequentoperation or for all future operations. The CNC machine 100 can executethe instructions to create the motion plan or otherwise effect thechanges described above. In some implementations, the movable componentcan be the gantry 210, the head 160, or an identifiable mark on the head160. The movable component, for example the gantry 210, can have a fixedspatial relationship to the movable head. The image data can updatesoftware controlling operation of the CNC machine 100 with a position ofthe movable head and/or the movable component with their position and/orany higher order derivative thereof.

Because the type of image data required can vary, and/or because ofpossible limitations as to the field of view of any individual camera,multiple cameras can be placed throughout the CNC machine 100 to providethe needed image data. Camera choice and placement can be optimized formany use cases. Cameras closer to the material 140 can be used fordetail at the expense of a wide field of view. Multiple cameras may beplaced adjacently so that images produced by the multiple cameras can beanalyzed by the computer to achieve higher resolution or wider coveragejointly than was possible for any image individually. The manipulationand improvement of images can include, for example, stitching of imagesto create a larger image, adding images to increase brightness,differencing images to isolate changes (such as moving objects orchanging lighting), multiplying or dividing images, averaging images,rotating images, scaling images, sharpening images, and so on, in anycombination. Further, the system may record additional data to assist inthe manipulation and improvement of images, such as recordings fromambient light sensors and location of movable components. Specifically,stitching can include taking one or more sub-images from one or morecameras and combining them to form a larger image. Some portions of theimages can overlap as a result of the stitching process. Other imagesmay need to be rotated, trimmed, or otherwise manipulated to provide aconsistent and seamless larger image as a result of the stitching.Lighting artifacts such as glare, reflection, and the like, can bereduced or eliminated by any of the above methods. Also, the imageanalysis program can performing edge detection and noise reduction orelimination on the acquired images. Edge detection can includeperforming contrast comparisons of different parts of the image todetect edges and identify objects or features in the image. Noisereduction can involve averaging or smoothing of one or more images toreduce the contribution of periodic, random, or pseudo-random imagenoise, for example that due to CNC machine 100 operation such asvibrating fans, motors, etc.

FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating the addition of images, consistentwith some implementations of the current subject matter. Images taken bythe cameras can be added, for example, to increase the brightness of animage. In the example of FIG. 4A, there is a first image 410, a secondimage 412, and a third image 414. First image 410 has horizontal bands(shown in white against a black background in the figure). Thehorizontal bands can conform to a more brightly lit object, though themain point is that there is a difference between the bands and thebackground. Second image 412 has similar horizontal bands, but offset inthe vertical direction relative to those in the first image 410. Whenthe first image 410 and second image 412 are added, their sum is shownin by the third image 414. Here, the two sets of bands interleave tofill in the bright square as shown. This technique can be applied to,for example, acquiring many image frames from the cameras, possibly inlow light conditions, and adding them together to form a brighter image.

FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating the subtraction of images, consistentwith some implementations of the current subject matter. Imagesubtraction can be useful to, for example, isolate dim laser spot from acomparatively bright image. Here, a first image 420 shows two spots, onerepresentative of a laser spot and the other of an object. To isolatethe laser spot, a second image 422 can be taken with the laser off,leaving only the object. Then, the second image 422 can be subtractedfrom the first image 420 to arrive at the third image 424. The remainingspot in the third image 424 is the laser spot.

FIG. 4C is a diagram illustrating the differencing of images to isolatea simulated internal lighting effect, consistent with someimplementations of the current subject matter. There can be an object inthe CNC machine 100, represented as a circle in first image 430. Thiscould represent, for example an object on the material bed 150 of theCNC machine 100. If, for example, half of the material bed 150 of theCNC machine 100 was illumined by outside lighting, such as a sunbeam,the second image 420 might appear as shown, with the illuminated sidebrighter than the side without the illumination. It can sometimes beadvantageous to use internal lighting during operation, for example toilluminate a watermark, aid in image diagnostics, or simply to bettershow a user what is happening in the CNC machine. Even if none of thesereasons apply, however, internal lighting allows reduction orelimination of the external lighting (in this case the sunbeam) via thismethod. This internal lighting is represented in the third image 434 byadding a brightness layer to the entire second image 432. To isolate theeffect of the internal lighting, the second image 432 can be subtractedfrom 434 to result in fourth image 436. Here, fourth image 436 shows thearea, and the object, as it would appear under only internal lighting.This differencing can allow image analysis to be performed as if onlythe controlled internal lighting were present, even in the presence ofexternal lighting contaminants.

Machine vision processing of images can occur at, for example, the CNCmachine 100, on a locally connected computer, or on a remote serverconnected via the internet. In some implementations, image processingcapability can be performed by the CNC machine 100, but with limitedspeed. One example of this can be where the onboard processor is slowand can run only simple algorithms in real-time, but which can run morecomplex analysis given more time. In such a case, the CNC machine 100could pause for the analysis to be complete, or alternatively, executethe data on a faster connected computing system. A specific example canbe where sophisticated recognition is performed remotely, for example,by a server on the internet. In these cases, limited image processingcan be done locally, with more detailed image processing and analysisbeing done remotely. For example, the camera can use a simple algorithm,run on a processor in the CNC machine 100, to determine when the lid 130is closed. Once the CNC machine 100 detects that the lid 130 is closed,the processor on the CNC machine 100 can send images to a remote serverfor more detailed processing, for example, to identify the location ofthe material 140 that was inserted. The system can also devote dedicatedresources to analyzing the images locally, pause other actions, ordiverting computing resources away from other activities.

In another implementation, the head 160 can be tracked by onboard,real-time analysis. For example, tracking the position of the head 160,a task normally performed by optical encoders or other specializedhardware, can be done with high resolution, low resolution, or acombination of both high and low resolution images taken by the cameras.As high-resolution images are captured, they can be transformed intolower resolution images that are smaller in memory size by resizing orcropping. If the images include video or a sequence of still images,some may be eliminated or cropped. A data processor can analyze thesmaller images repeatedly, several times a second for example, to detectany gross misalignment. If a misalignment is detected, the dataprocessor can halt all operation of the CNC machine 100 while moredetailed processing more precisely locates exactly the head 160 usinghigher resolution images. Upon location of the head 160, the head 160can be adjusted to recover the correction location. Alternatively,images can be uploaded to a server where further processing can beperformed. The location can be determined by, for example, looking atthe head 160 with the lid camera, by looking at what the head camera 120is currently imaging, etc. For example, the head 160 could be instructedto move to a registration mark. Then the head camera 120 can then imagethe registration mark to detect any minute misalignment.

Basic Camera Functionality

The cameras can be, for example, a single wide-angle camera, multiplecameras, a moving camera where the images are digitally combined, etc.The cameras used to image a large region of the interior of the CNCmachine 100 can be distinct from other cameras that image a morelocalized area. The head camera 160 can be one example of a camera that,in some implementations, images a smaller area than the wide-anglecameras.

There are other camera configurations that can be used for differentpurposes. A camera (or cameras) with broad field of view can cover thewhole of the machine interior, or a predefined significant portionthereof. For example, the image data acquired from one or more of thecameras can include most (meaning over 50%) of the working area. Inother embodiments, at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% of the workingarea can be included in the image data. The above amounts do not takeinto account obstruction by the material 140 or any other interveningobjects. For example, if a camera is capable of viewing 90% of theworking area without material 140, and a piece of material 140 is placedin the working area, partially obscuring it, the camera is stillconsidered to be providing image data that includes 90% of the workingarea. In some implementations, the image data can be acquired when theinterlock is not preventing the emission of electromagnetic energy.

In other implementations, a camera mounted outside the machine can seeusers and/or material 140 entering or exiting the CNC machine 100,record the use of the CNC machine 100 for sharing or analysis, or detectsafety problems such as an uncontrolled fire. Other cameras can providea more precise look with limited field of view. Optical sensors likethose used on optical mice can provide very low resolution and fewcolors, or greyscale, over a very small area with very high pixeldensity, then quickly process the information to detect material 140moving relative to the optical sensor. The lower resolution and colordepth, plus specialized computing power, allow very quick and preciseoperation. Conversely, if the head is static and the material is moved,for example if the user bumps it, this approach can see the movement ofthe material and characterize it very precisely so that additionaloperations on the material continue where the previous operations leftoff, for example resuming a cut that was interrupted before the materialwas moved.

Video cameras can detect changes over time, for example comparing framesto determine the rate at which the camera is moving. Still cameras canbe used to capture higher resolution images that can provide greaterdetail. Yet another type of optical scanning can be to implement alinear optical sensor, such as a flatbed scanner, on an existing rail,like the sliding gantry 210 in a laser system, and then scan it over thematerial 140, assembling an image as it scans.

To isolate the light from the laser, the laser may be turned off and onagain, and the difference between the two measurements indicates thelight scattered from the laser while removing the effect ofenvironmental light. The cameras can have fixed or adjustablesensitivity, allowing them to operate in dim or bright conditions. Therecan be any combination of cameras that are sensitive to differentwavelengths. Some cameras, for example, can be sensitive to wavelengthscorresponding to a cutting laser, a range-finding laser, a scanninglaser, etc. Other cameras can be sensitive to wavelengths thatspecifically fall outside the wavelength of one or more lasers used inthe CNC machine 100. The cameras can be sensitive to visible light only,or can have extended sensitivity into infrared or ultraviolet, forexample to view invisible barcodes marked on the surface, discriminatebetween otherwise identical materials based on IR reflectivity, or viewinvisible (e.g. infrared) laser beams directly. The cameras can even bea single photodiode that measures e.g. the flash of the laser strikingthe material 140, or which reacts to light emissions that appear tocorrelate with an uncontrolled fire. The cameras can be used to image,for example, a beam spot on a mirror, light escaping an intended beampath, etc. The cameras can also detect scattered light, for example if auser is attempting to cut a reflective material. Other types of camerascan be implemented, for example, instead of detecting light of the samewavelength of the laser, instead detecting a secondary effect, such asinfrared radiation (with a thermographic camera) or x-rays given off bycontact between the laser and another material.

The cameras may be coordinated with lighting sources in the CNC machine100. The lighting sources can be positioned anywhere in the CNC machine100, for example, on the interior surface of the lid 130, the walls, thefloor, the gantry 210, etc. One example of coordination between thelighting sources and the cameras can be to adjust internal LEDillumination while acquiring images of the interior portion with thecameras. For example, if the camera is only capable of capturing imagesin black and white, the internal LEDs can illuminate sequentially inred, green, and blue, capturing three separate images. The resultingimages can then be combined to create a full color RGB image. Ifexternal illumination is causing problems with shadows or externallighting effects, the internal lighting can be turned off while apicture is taken, then turned on while a second picture is taken. Bysubtracting the two on a pixel-by-pixel basis, ambient light can becancelled out so that it can be determined what the image looks likewhen illuminated only by internal lights. If lighting is movable, forexample on the translation arm of the CNC machine 100, it can be movedaround while multiple pictures are taken, then combined, to achieve animage with more even lighting. The brightness of the internal lights canalso be varied like the flash in a traditional camera to assist withillumination. The lighting can be moved to a location where it betterilluminates an area of interest, for example so it shines straight downa slot formed by a cut, so a camera can see the bottom of the cut. Ifthe internal lighting is interfering, it can be turned off while thecamera takes an image. Optionally, the lighting can be turned off forsuch a brief period that the viewer does not notice (e.g. for less thana second, less than 1/60^(th) of a second, or less than 1/120^(th) of asecond). Conversely, the internal lighting may be momentarily brightenedlike a camera flash to capture a picture. Specialized lights may be usedand/or engaged only when needed; for example, an invisible butUV-fluorescent ink might be present on the material. When scanning for abarcode, UV illumination might be briefly flashed while a picture iscaptured so that any ink present would be illuminated. The sametechnique of altering the lighting conditions can be performed bytoggling the range-finding and/or cutting lasers as well, to isolatetheir signature and/or effects when imaging. If the object (or camera)moves between acquisitions, then the images can be cropped, translated,expanded, rotated, and so on, to obtain images that share commonfeatures in order to allow subtraction. This differencing technique ispreferably done with automatic adjustments in the cameras are overriddenor disabled. For example, disabling autofocus, flashes, etc. Featuresthat can ideally be held constant between images can include, forexample, aperture, shutter speed, white balance, etc. In this way, thechanges in the two images are due only to differences from the lightingand not due to adjustment in the optical system.

Multiple cameras, or a single camera moved to different locations in theCNC machine 100, can provide images from different angles to generate 3Drepresentations of the surface of the material 140 or an object. The 3Drepresentations can be used for generating 3D models, for measuring thedepth that an engraving or laser operation produced, or providingfeedback to the CNC machine 100 or a user during the manufacturingprocess. It can also be used for scanning, to build a model of thematerial 140 for replication.

The camera can be used to record photos and video that the user can useto share their progress. Automatic “making of” sequences can be createdthat stitch together various still and video images along withadditional sound and imagery, for example the digital rendering of thesource file or the user's picture from a social network. Knowledge ofthe motion plan, or even the control of the cameras via the motion plandirectly, can enable a variety of optimizations. In one example, given amachine with two cameras, one of which is mounted in the head and one ofwhich is mounted in the lid, the final video can be created with footagefrom the head camera at any time that the gantry is directed to alocation that is known to obscure the lid camera. In another example,the cameras can be instructed to reduce their aperture size, reducingthe amount of light let in, when the machine's internal lights areactivated. In another example, if the machine is a laser cutter/engraverand activating the laser causes a camera located in the head to becomeoverloaded and useless, footage from that camera may be discarded whenit is unavailable. In another example, elements of the motion plan maybe coordinated with the camera recording for optimal visual or audioeffect, for example fading up the interior lights before the cut ordriving the motors in a coordinated fashion to sweep the head cameraacross the material for a final view of the work result. In anotherexample, sensor data collected by the system might be used to selectcamera images; for example, a still photo of the user might be capturedfrom a camera mounted in the lid when an accelerometer, gyroscope, orother sensor in the lid detects that the lid has been opened and it hasreached the optimal angle. In another example, recording of video mightcease if an error condition is detected, such as the lid being openedunexpectedly during a machining operation. The video can beautomatically edited using information like the total duration of thecut file to eliminate or speed up monotonous events; for example, if thelaser must make 400 holes, then that section of the cut plan could beshown at high speed. Traditionally, these decisions must all be made byreviewing the final footage, with little or no a priori knowledge ofwhat they contain. Pre-selecting the footage (and even coordinating itscapture) can allow higher quality video and much less time spent editingit. Video and images from the production process can be automaticallystitched together in a variety of fashions, including stop motion withimages, interleaving video with stills, and combining video andphotography with computer-generated imagery, e.g. a 3D or 2D model ofthe item being rendered. Video can also be enhanced with media fromother sources, such as pictures taken with the user's camera of thefinal product.

Network Configuration

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a cloud-based system supportingoperation of a CNC machine 100, consistent with some implementations ofthe current subject matter. By taking the most computationally expensivesteps in the process described herein and distributing them over anetwork 510 to distributed computers, several advantages can berealized. The cloud-based system can include any number or combinationsof first computing systems 520 (servers, mainframes, etc.) to providepowerful computation services. There can also be smaller secondcomputing systems 530, for example, mobile phones, tablet computers,personal computers, etc. where users can access and interact with thesystem. Both the first computing system 520 and the second computingsystem 530 can be connected by the network 510 to each other and to anynumber of CNC machines. The network 510 can be a wired or wirelessnetwork.

Distributed Motion Plan Generation

The source file can be processed by the server to generate theinstructions required by the CNC machine 100 in order to executeoperations that will result in the desired product. The server cantransmit the instructions to the CNC machine 100 without requiring theuser to have any direct contact with the CNC machine 100.

Because the server can be a more powerful computer than the remotecomputer, more detailed motion planning calculations can be performed.The server can contain data on the physics of the CNC machine 100 thatwill be doing the fabrication, for example, cutting/layering parameters,machine information, material restrictions, etc. Advanced computationalmethods can be used to generate the motion plan, for example optimizingthe motion of the head to not only generate an accurate set ofinstructions, but instructions that are executed in a minimum amount oftime given a particular CNC machine. Conversely, the instructions may beoptimized to minimize noise created by fans (by generating less heat,smoke, or debris by operating more slowly), they may be optimized tocreate minimum vibration (for a machine on an unstable surface, like acard table), they may be optimized for maximum accuracy and precision atthe cost of speed, and/or they may be optimized for maximum speed at theexpense of accuracy. The particular path chosen by the machine in movingfrom machining operation to machining operation is a complex problem andcan be likened to the “travelling salesman” problem which has beenproven to be NP-complete. Depending on the desired outcome, differentoptimizations can be used. For example, a nearest neighbor approach canbe used to perform one set of motions, move to the location of the nextset of motions, execute those, and so on. While being a simplealgorithm, this may not be optimal when considering the fact that themotors have a finite acceleration and also given the feedback responseof the cutters, pourers, etc. More sophisticated algorithms such as theChristofides algorithm can be used but the complexity of the calculationmakes it best-suited to computation on the server, rather than requiringa powerful computer to be installed with every CNC machine.

Also, time-varying features associated with adding or subtractingmaterial 140, such as head acceleration, variable laser burn, dulling ofcutting surfaces, variations in flow rates of deposition materials, etc.can be calculated and accounted for when generating the motion plan bysoftware on the server.

Once the motion plan has been generated on the server, the motion plancan be transmitted to the CNC machine 100 where the instructions will beexecuted. Continuous communication with the server during the executionof the operations can allow the use of image recognition programs tomonitor the process. For example, corrections can be made due to machineerror, observed defects in the material 140, or on the basis of feedbackas to the progression of the operations. In one example, the imageprocessing system may detect that an anomaly has caused a part to be cutslightly larger than specified; the machine may be instructed to go backand recut the part slightly smaller.

FIG. 6 is a process flow chart illustrating generating a motion plan fora CNC machine 100 on distributed computing systems, consistent with someimplementations of the current subject matter. At 610, source files canbe generated by providing an electronic characterization of an objectfor manufacture by the CNC machine 100. The source files can be photos,screen captures, electronic tracings, CAD drawings, etc. The sourcefiles can be sent to the first computing system by, for example,uploading to a server, etc.

At 620, source files can be received by the first computing system.

At 630, a machine file can be generated at the first computing system.The machine file, as described above, can include steps describingoperations of the CNC machine 100.

At 640, the machine file can be converted into a motion plan by thefirst computing system. Also as described above, the motion plan can bea set of instructions for the CNC machine 100.

At 650, the motion plan can be transmitted to the CNC machine 100 over anetwork.

FIG. 7 is a system diagram illustrating general purpose computerexecuting an execution plan to control a CNC machine, consistent withimplementations of the current subject matter. There can be an executionplan 710 that not only includes the motion plan 720, but also includescomponent commands 730 for selectively activating other components andcontrolling their operation, such as when to turn fans 770 on or off,what speed to run fans, settings for the cooling 750 or ventilationsystem, when to activate cameras 760, what images to acquire, etc. Theexecution plan can be related to known or expected sensor data, storedlocally on the CNC machine 100 or accessed from a database over acomputer network or data connection 780.

The cooling system can include a coolant pump, a liquid refrigerationunit, a fan, a heat sink, or the like.

The generation of the execution plan 710 can occur on the CNC machine100 or on a general-purpose computer 700 in communication with the CNCmachine over a data connection 780. Examples of general-purposecomputers can include, for example, PCs, tablet computers, smartphones,laptop computers, etc. The data connection 780 can be, for example, theInternet, a wide area network, a wireless network, a USB connection, ora serial connection.

The execution plan thus provides a comprehensive description of theoperation of the CNC machine. However, because the components in the CNCmachine can affect the operation of each other, the execution plan can,in some implementations, be generated in an iterative manner to resultin an allowable and consistent execution plan. For example, if a motionplan instructs the CNC machine to make a high speed cut, the executionfan can also include commands to turn on a fan to quickly clear thedebris. However, the system can access sensor data associated with oneor more sensors 740 at the head 160, the cooling system 750, the cameras760, and/or the fans 770. If the system had accessed sensor data fromsimilar past operations indicating, for example, that the fan could notoperate to clear that type of debris quickly enough to make a propercut, then the cut speed can be reduced to an acceptable level.

Realtime Motion Planner

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of determination of a safepause point in a motion and/or execution plan for a CNC machineconsistent with some implementations of the current subject matter.Currently available CNC machines typically operate by having a machinefile, for example in the G-code language, loaded on to it. A motionplanner executing on the CNC machine calculates the motions required bythe actuators (such as steppers and servomotors) based on the machinefile and causes execution of these motions in realtime or near-realtime.The execution of such a motion planner must be fast enough that it cangenerate new elements of the motion plan as quickly as the machine canexecute them, and will often make tradeoffs in accuracy to ensure thatit presents the next set of output data to the actuators when required.While there may be a small buffer in case of instantaneous delay, thedesign assumes that the motion planner is fast enough and coupledclosely enough to the actual CNC machine that a loss of connectionbetween the motion planner and CNC machine is not possible.

An alternate approach in which the CNC machine and the motion plannerare separated is possible consistent with implementations of the currentsubject matter. In this case, the CNC machine and the one or moreprocessors implementing the motion planner may be connected by a cablesuch as a USB cable or a network such as the Internet, a local areanetwork, a wide area network, or the like. In such a configuration, thedata connection between the motion planner and the CNC machine may becut, data transmission may be slow or lossy (e.g. data packets might bedelayed or lost), and/or other issues may affect reliability andtimeliness of receipt of commands from the motion planner at the CNCmachine.

Use of a motion planner implemented on a computing device separate fromthe CNC machine can present a number of challenges, including but notlimited to handling of a connectivity difficulty between the twomachines (CNC and motion planner) that occurs midway through afabrication operation. Such an occurrence is unlikely in conventionalapproaches in which the motion planner is integrated into the CNCmachine. In contrast, it is virtually guaranteed to occur when themotion planner is connected to the CNC via a network. When the motionplanner is integrated in the CNC machine, an interrupted motion planwould result in the work aborting and tremendous manual effort requiredto restart it, with a likely outcome that the fabrication process doesnot turn out entirely as intended. For example, the laser might turn offsuddenly, and realigning it so it can be restarted can be a manualundertaking that may result in noticeable imperfections.

Despite these challenges, a configuration consistent withimplementations of the current subject matter in which the motionplanner is not implemented on a same machine or on machine that isdirectly connected to the CNC machine can be highly desirable. CNCmachines that incorporate the motion planner must include the motionplanner in their cost, which can be a substantial price, especially foradvanced motion planners that calculate second, third, fourth, andhigher order derivatives of position and forces on the machine in orderto minimize wear and provide optimal results. If the motion planner isconnected via the Internet, it may be a resource that is shared amongmany machines. In another improvement that may be possible with one ormore implementations of the current subject matter, CNC machines thatintegrate the motion planner generally impose a realtime requirement. Inother words, they must include sufficient processing power to keep upwith the motion of the machine. As a result, such motion planners canrequire a trade off between accuracy (performing more calculations perunit of time) and cost (including a more expensive processor that cancomplete those calculations). In another improvement that may bepossible with one or more implementations of the current subject matter,using a separate motion planner can allow repurposing of ageneral-purpose computer, such as a high powered workstation or serverin a cloud hosting provider, temporarily for the execution of themachining operation, before returning it to other, non-machining-relatedtasks.

The following describes two example approaches to addressing challengesthat may arise with implementations of the current subject matter inwhich the motion planner and CNC machine are separated.

In a first approach, the motion planner can calculate the motion plan inmotion plan or execution plan segments. Each segment contains theinstructions to perform a series of useful machining operations, andthen instructions to put the CNC machine in a state where it may besafely paused and then resumed. This state is referred to elsewhereherein as a safe pause point, and can optionally include a state inwhich a moveable head of the CNC device is not moving and/or moving butnot cutting. Optionally, the safe pause point can be an end of themotion plan. A motion or execution plan segment consistent with thisimplementation of the current subject matter can be limited to the sizeof a buffer present on the CNC machine, so it may be loaded into thatbuffer in its entirety. A segment may contain the entirety of amachining operation, or it may contain a portion of it and theinstructions to reach a next safe pause point.

A simple example is illustrated in the diagram of FIG. 8, which showsfeatures of a machining operation that uses a laser cutter/engraver toengrave the letters “v1” 800. The required operations are as follows:

1) laser turn on instruction

2) downward-right line 810

3) upward-right line 820

4) laser turn off instruction

5) upward-right line 830

6) laser turn on

7) downward line 840

8) laser turn off

Note that these are inputs to the motion planner; the output to themotion planner—the motion plan—is a series of instructions such aselectrical impulses that can be used to direct the motors' and otheractuators' operations. A typical motion planner would calculate theelectrical impulses to implement these commands and send them to themachine in realtime. If the motion planner was suddenly disconnectedfrom the laser during upward-right line 820, the material might bewasted. It might be possible to order the machine to continue the motionplan from the downward-right line 810, but then part of the plan wouldbe performed twice, resulting in possible damage to the material as thelaser revisited the already-processed material; alternately, the motionplan might be instructed to resume from the downward line 840, resultingin an incomplete machining operation 850.

While an interruption in communication between the motion planner andthe CNC machine is relatively unlikely in the typical case of a motionplanner integrated into the CNC machine, it can be fairly frequentoccurrence if the CNC machine and motion planner are not integrated.

A segmented file consistent with implementations of the current subjectmatter can be created based on a consideration of a maximum buffercapacity of the CNC machine, which in the case of this example mighthold the electrical impulses needed to implement the first six commands.Rather than sending the motion plan for all six commands to the laser,the motion planner can instead identify a point (or points) at which theexecution of the motion plan could be paused and resumed withoutaffecting the final output. In this example, that would be anywhereduring the upward-right line 830 that occurs when the laser is off. Themotion planner can therefore create a segment with the impulses for thefirst five commands and send this segment to the CNC machine. The CNCmachine would wait until the motion plan for all five commands werestored in its buffer (e.g. until the full segment was received), andthen execute the commands in the segment. Under normal operation, themotion planner would prepare and the machine would receive a secondsegment, completing the machining operation, before the first one wascomplete. However, if the motion planner were slow, for example anunderpowered computer, or if the second segment were delayed, forexample by network traffic, a network disconnection or failure (forexample by someone tripping over the cable), then the CNC machine can beable to pause in a resumeable condition safely, with the laser off,awaiting further commands. It can be possible to include more data pastthe end of the segment, for example the start of the next segment, aslong as the safe pausing point—the termination of the segment—is clearlyidentified should the full next segment not be received before reachingthe end of the prior segment.

A second approach besides segmenting is also within the scope of thecurrent subject matter. Instead of segmenting the motion or executionplan into one or more segments with a safe pause point, the CNC machinecan be optimized to allow pausing and resuming at any point. Thisapproach may still result in some perceptible physical effects ofpausing and resuming in the final product. However, when appliedcarefully consistent with implementations of the current subject matter,such errors can be minimized.

To implement this second approach, the motion plan can be streamed fromthe motion planner in the usual fashion. However, if there is aninterruption, the CNC machine can take responsibility for arranging fora “graceful” pause and subsequent resumption of operations. One or moreof a number of tactics may be used to optimize this outcome. First, themachine may precisely note the time of the data interruption or identifythe last instruction executed or the final piece of motion plan data fedto the motors. A sufficiently capable motion planner knows a great dealof information about the system at every instant: e.g. position,velocity, laser tube output power, etc. Provided with nothing more thanthe time at which data ceased to arrive or final instruction, it may becapable of calculating a new motion plan that can resume the machiningoperation with minimal disruption. For example, in the case of a laser,the motion planner may command a replay of the entirety of the motionplan up to the moment of interruption with the laser off, then turn onthe laser very close if not precisely at the point in the motion plan atwhich the interruption occurred. Alternately, the motion planner maytruncate the majority of the motion plan, and instead arrange for themoving components to achieve the correct position, speed, and otherparameters necessary to resume the cut. Note that lasers affectmaterials based on their speed as well as their power, so it is notsufficient to simply locate the original position.

Second, with contact with the motion planner interrupted, the CNCmachine may use a locally-generated or pre-calculated motion plan tobring the machine to a safe stop. This approach can include turning offthe laser in the case of a laser cutter. A sudden stop can causeproblems such as missed steps on a stepper motor, so the machine mightinstead bring the moving components to a gradual stop.

Third, at some point after the pause occurs, the CNC machine may useonboard sensors to detect a state of the system. For example, the CNCmachine may use a camera to detect where the cutline ended, or positionsensors to detect where the head is after shutdown, or other parametersthat would assist with the system restart. Finally, a revised motionplan can be created and executed that, as closely as possible, resumesthe state of the laser at the moment when the last data was executed.This approach may suffer from minor defects, such as a small break 870on the right side of the ‘v’ in cut 860 as the resumed motion was notable to perfectly align with the previously terminated motion, but itcan come close, in many cases imperceptibly so.

This approach may also be used for interruptions not caused by adisconnection from the motion planner. For example, existing lasercutters will shut off the laser immediately if their safety interlock istripped, for example if the door is open. However, they do not have theability to resume seamlessly if the user closes the interlock. The samesafe-pause techniques may be used to arrange for a graceful resumptionof machining after a user-induced stop.

Lasers are particularly well suited for this type of behavior, becausethey can turn off the laser at a moment's notice. Other types ofmachines have a lesser ability to ‘pause’ since, for example, therotating bit of a mill must be stopped.

FIG. 9 is a process flow chart illustrating a method for determinationof a safe pause point in a motion and/or execution plan for a CNCmachine, consistent with implementations of the current subject matter.

At 910, a control unit of the CNC machine can receive, from a generalpurpose computer that is not part of the CNC machine, an execution plansegment of an execution plan. The execution plan can be created at thegeneral purpose computer. Execution plan segments define operations forcausing movement of a movable head of the CNC machine to deliverelectromagnetic energy. The electromagnetic energy can effect a changein the material 140 within an interior space of the CNC machine. Theexecution plan segment can also include a predefined safe pausing pointfrom which a clean restart of the operations of the execution plan canbe performed.

At 920, operations of the computer numerically controlled machine,defined in the execution plan segment, can commence only afterdetermining that the execution plan segment has been received by thecomputer numerically controlled machine. The receiving can be up to andincluding the predefined safe pausing point.

One User to Many CNC Machines

A pattern, source file, or other selection of operations to be executedby the CNC machine 100 can be initiated from a remote computer. Theremote computer can be, for example, the first computing system 310,second computing system 320, or a computer local to the CNC machine 100.A list of available CNC machines can be provided by a server to the userof the remote computer to allow the user to select a desired CNC machine100 for their project. Other graphical user interfaces (GUI's) can beprovided by the server to the user of the remote computer to enableselection and use of connected CNC machines. Patterns, associated sourcefiles, and/or motion plans can also be stored on the server in adatabase. If desired, these or similar resources can be referenced bythe user or the system instead of requiring that all the files andcalculations be generated from scratch.

Many Users to One CNC Machine

A single CNC machine 100 can be accessed or controlled by a number ofusers. In one implementation, a group of users can transmit motion plansto the CNC machine 100. The motion plans can be conducted in sequence ondifferent pieces of material 140, or conducted in sequence on the samepiece of material 140. The motion plans from different users can also becombined into a single motion plan. Here, the CNC machine 100 can testfor conflicts, or the testing can be performed at the local computer ofthe user downloading the motion plan or on an intermediate server. Atany time, access to the CNC machine 100 can be restricted to registeredusers. Some features can have varying levels of permission. In oneimplementation, a user can be in control of their project, able toupdate the motion plan. Other users however, can be given access viewthe output of sensors in the CNC machine 100, for example, cameras,power output, temperature readings, etc. Here, video can be transmittedin real-time to users watching the manufacturing process even thoughthey are unable to control it.

In any of the implementations described herein, the user (or users) canbe contacted by the server, for example, to inform them that the CNCmachine 100 needs attention, that an operation is completed, to provideupdates as to the status of their project, etc. The form of contact canbe, for example, text messages, mobile phone calls, email, mobile appnotifications, etc.

Buffering

Coarse instructions can be transmitted continually by the server to theCNC machine 100. For example, for a large cuts or cuts at a very slowrate of speed, the server can transmit the motion plan, or part of themotion plan, in an open-loop manner, with no feedback from the CNCmachine 100.

For fine work, control of the motion plan can be transferred to the CNCmachine 100 in order to allow real-time feedback, particularly insituations where it is determined that latency will be a problem. Thefine instructions can be performed with the aid of feedback, forexample, camera data, sensor data, CNC machine 100 diagnostics, etc. Theinstructions can be performed in this closed-loop manner with thefeedback altering the motion plan on the basis of the determinedfeedback. The types of commands that originate locally versus from theserver can vary depending on the application or the specification fromthe user. Error-handling, image analysis from installed camera systems,verification of motion plans, etc. can be performed either at the serveror at the CNC machine 100. Memory buffering can also be used to overcomesome latency issues, for example sets of instructions can be compiled atthe server and transmitted as a packet to the CNC machine 100. The CNCmachine 100 can then execute the instructions while continuing toreceive updates, thus not interrupting the machining process whilewaiting for the next instruction to arrive.

Portability Restrictions

Each CNC machine 100 is unique in that they have slightly differentoperation given the same set of instructions. This can be, for example,due to aging components, misalignments, environmental conditions,variation in makes or models of components, etc. The motion plan may becalculated with such variations taken into account. The motion planningcode on the server can calculate the motion plan based in part on knownfacts about a given CNC machine 100, for example offsets, backlash inthe belts or screws, motor acceleration capabilities, etc. and create oralter the motion plan accordingly. The motion planning code may alsotake into account details about the material being machined such as itslocation in the bed and the proper parameters necessary to machine it.As a result, the motion plan will work optimally on one machine, withone piece of material, and may not work as well or at all in othermachines under other circumstances.

This architecture can differ from a design in which the CNC machinecreates its own motion plan, in that it does not require the machinefile (often implemented in G-code), which represents the abstract shapesneeded to create the design, to be sent to the machine. Because themachine file is sufficient to create the product on any machine with amotion planner, ownership of the machine file gives control of theunderlying intellectual property; ownership of the motion plan alone,however, is less useful. An analogy may be drawn to distributing thesource code to a program written in a high level language, versusdistributing compiled binary code that is only expected to function on asingle class of computer. In this case, however, the “compiled” motionplan not only will work on only one class of machines, but may only workwell on one singular machine, with one particular piece of material, inone particular location.

For example, if a user duplicates a motion plan intended for anothermachine, bypassing the motion planner, execution of the motion plan onany CNC machine 100 can be expected to have errors. To correct theerrors, the user may be instructed to access a server to retrieve acorrection to the motion plan or a new motion plan generated from theoriginal machine or source file, in either case resulting in a motionplan optimized for that machine and the material the user intends touse. For example, if the user places material in the left side of thebed of a laser cutter and cuts a circle, and then duplicates the motionplan and gives it to another user, that user may place the material inthe right side of the machine, in which case it may not be cut. Thesecond machine might have a slightly less powerful laser, so the cut maynot fully penetrate the material with the motion plan for the firstmachine. The user may be best served by generating a new motion plan forthe cut they wish to perform or generating a set of variations to themotion plan for their specific machine.

Software/Firmware Updates

Creating motion plans on a server instead of the CNC machine 100 or alocal PC allows for further advantages. The motion planning algorithmsand code can be updated in one place and thereby instantly utilizedwhenever the server is used. Server software may be operated usingcontainerization services such as Docker so that different versions orvariations of the software may be easily started and stopped, withdifferent variations used depending on the time, the user, the machine,or other factors. For example, new versions of the motion planning codecan be tested on select machines by sending them motion plans fromdifferent software operating in different containers, with ease oftoggling between established and proposed versions of the motionplanning code.

In existing solutions, changes to the motion planner are reflected incode on the CNC machine. Since it is more time consuming and risky tomodify code on the CNC machine, it makes it more difficult to updatefunctionality related to the motion planner. This is because the coderunning on the machine (‘firmware’) typically controls safety functions,such as shutting down systems when errors occur, so any change couldintroduce errors with serious safety side effects. The server, bycomparison, has fewer safety-critical functions, so may be updated morefreely. Firmware programming is generally held to be slower than serverprogramming, so implementing functionality in the server can makedevelopment faster in that way as well.

When functionality is moved to the server, it is less likely to benecessary to update the firmware, but it is still important andpossible. The firmware may have an error, or new features may beintroduced such as more robust anomaly detection or improved algorithmsto control the lighting. When that is required, in one implementation, asmall change can be sent to the CNC machine 100, for example, a changeto a setting, instructions in memory, onboard data tables, etc. Thissmall change might be downloaded with no interruption in the operationof the CNC machine 100. Another implementation can have the firmwareupdate downloaded and swapped out in its entirety. Yet anotherimplementation can have the CNC machine 100 power up with minimalfirmware installed, only that required for contacting the server. TheCNC machine 100 can then download the latest version before proceedingwith operation. Yet another implementation can have the CNC machinestore the firmware in volatile memory, so that it downloads the firmwarefrom a server every time it boots, meaning that a firmware error canalways be corrected by rebooting the device and downloading a newfirmware.

Because the ability to update the firmware can allow an owner of thatability unrestricted use of the machine, it must be carefully secured.Techniques for doing this can include an encrypted connection, “secret”keys known either by the machine or the server or both, public keysknown either by the machine or the server or both, and signatures toguarantee that a firmware update is from the appropriate source and isappropriate for the machine in question.

Local Confirmation of CNC Machine Instructions

In some implementations, the CNC machine 100 can require a local actionor authorization before implementing instructions that may have beenreceived from a remote computer. For example, the CNC machine 100 canrequire a user to physically push a button, switch, or other mechanicalsystem, to initiate an operation the CNC machine 100. In oneimplementation, the switch can cause an electronic signal to be sent tothe CNC machine 100 that the instructions can begin. Here, theelectronic signal could, with proper access to the computing system inthe CNC machine 100 be sent without the switch being activated.Alternatively, the computer in the CNC machine 100 can receive commandsthat set the CNC machine 100 into a state identical to one in which theswitch had been activated.

In implementations where it is not desired that the switch be overriddenor circumvented in the above manner, the switch can, also or instead,cause a mechanical connection to open or close, with the connectionstatus being necessary for the instructions to be executed. Here, it isnot possible for any remote system to cause the CNC machine 100 tooperate in the desired manner because without the switch beingphysically activated locally by a user, the CNC machine 100 iseffectively disabled. In another example, the switch could bypass thesoftware running on the computer and energize elements of the CNCmachine such as providing power to a laser or to motors. In thisexample, even someone who had modified the software on the machine wouldbe incapable of causing it to start unattended. Further, while theswitch might enable the operation of the laser and not allow anysoftware means of so enabling it, disabling the switch can be allowed insoftware. If someone does not press the switch, the laser may notoperate; but if someone does press the switch, the software can resetit, because of a detected anomaly, because of time elapsed, because theuser has moved the material, etc.

The features of having a physical switch necessary for operation of theCNC machine can be incorporated into any CNC machine operations. Theycan be used with, for example, startup or shutdown, powering one or morecomponents, initiation or continuation of a motion plan, confirmation ofan update to a motion plan, opening or closing of the CNC machinelids/doors, control of any of the diagnostics in the CNC machine 100,activation of cameras, etc. In one example, a CNC machine 100 can bestarted or run remotely, with the exception of turning a laser on oroff. Here, the laser can require local actuation of a button or switchto turn on or off. In this way, the CNC machine 100 can receive updatesto motion plans, execute projects, and the like, while still requiringan on-site user to be directly involved in some operations of the lasersystem.

License and Account Management

Machines may also have “accounts” (distinct entities) on the server,with unique keys so that the server can communicate securely with them.These keys may be assigned by the server, for example when the machineis first powered up; drawn from the environment, for example acombination of date, time, and WiFi network settings; programmed at thefactory, for example MAC address; or some other means.

A given piece of intellectual property, for example, a pattern to cut aproduct, can be assigned to one or more users, or machines, or bearersof properly-marked material. In the former case, a person may buy apattern. In the second case, a user may buy a piece of material with amarking on it, for example a unique barcode, that entitles the bearer ofthe material to some intellectual property, such as a free pattern. Inthe latter case, a pattern may be “free” with the purchase of themachine, and any user who uses that particular machine has access to it.

Access to intellectual property can be granted by users to other users,for example, one user who owns the machine may have permission todelegate or license usage rights to another user. Usage can also berestricted geographically, to certain companies or individuals, etc.

The ability to machine a given piece of intellectual property may belimited to a certain number of times, to certain materials, to certaintimes or locales, or any other restriction that may be expressed insoftware. This could be enforced by the motion planner refusing tocreate a motion plan for intellectual property that was not properlyacquired. For example, a user might purchase the right to print up tofive wallets bearing the likeness of a well-known superhero. Once thefifth wallet is printed, no further motion plans for that wallet may begenerated without further licensing payment.

Variations may be made for extenuating circumstances. For example, ifthe print was aborted, another attempt might be allowed. The abortedattempt could be verified through onboard cameras or sensors. If a userwas dissatisfied with a print, the user could place the print in themachine to be imaged. The machine could then deface or destroy thefailed print, and verify that the destruction occurred with a camera,before issuing a refund.

Analytics

At any time, the server can receive analytics data relating to usage ofthe CNC machine 100 or the performance of the CNC machine 100. Since allsource files are submitted to the server, aggregated data can becompiled including source file or motion plan file size, the frequencyof use of different features (e.g. engrave versus cutting), thefrequency of use of different file types, and so on. Analytics relatedto the machine file can include which file types require the greatestamount of processing resources to compute, or which path algorithm is,on average, fastest to execute. Further analytics related to the motionplan can include the average speed at which the motors operate, thepercentage of time that the laser is at full power, and the average cuttime of the motion plan.

For example, it can be discovered that users are using the Y-axis moreaggressively than the X-axis. A redesign of a subsequent version of theCNC machine 100 could be made to use stronger and more durable motors onthe Y-axis. In the meantime, the motion plans could be changed so thatthe Y-axis motions are slower than X-axis, and use lower laser power tocompensate for the reduced speed. In another example, it can bediscovered that a certain user always cuts things in the top rightcorner of the bed. Since, over time, that can cause wear at a certainspot in the belts, a message can be sent to the user to tell them toplace shapes in other areas to maximize belt life. Other analytics caninclude determining the types of projects that are most often abandonedby users, and then offer advice on how to improve the projects.

In another example, machine usage or information may be correlated witherrors, returns, malfunctions, or other problems. For example, it may bedetermined that the majority of units that were returned with a stuckfan exhibited a characteristic vibration that was measured on thedevices' accelerometers in the weeks before failure. Users who wereexperiencing the vibration could pre-emptively be sent replacement fans.In another example, it might be determined that machines thatincorporate laser tubes from Supplier A have lower average output powerthan machines that use tubes from Supplier B. This would allow betterfuture vendor selection.

Examples of Distributed Processes

Functions of the CNC machine 100, at various stages during the planning,setup, and execution of a project, can benefit by performing someprocessing on remote computing systems. As an example, if a user wishesto preview their project as it will appear when finished, 3-D renderingand overlaying of realistic material 140 textures from either a library(based on the identification of the material) or a camera (from apicture taken directly of the material) can be performed by fast serversand images transmitted to a user. Changes to a project, for examplerearranging the layout of the pieces on the underlying material, can bequickly translated into an updated motion plan by taking into accounthow the new cutting pattern will be reflected in the final project. Amotion plan can be analyzed in the context of the particular CNC machine100 to determine if the motion plan will exceed machine motion limits.The motion plan can also be updated based on known, or real-time,determination of systematic errors or other characteristics of operationthat may be unique to the particular CNC machine 100 executing theproject.

Project Preview

FIG. 10 is a process flow chart illustrating generating a projectpreview on a distributed computing system, consistent with someimplementations of the current subject matter. In one implementation, auser can generate or supply patterns to be converted into a motion planthat the CNC machine 100 can execute. A pattern can be any visualrepresentation of what it is that the CNC machine 100 is to cut, print,form, etc. The pattern can be a drawing, image, outline of a part, etc.The process can include: starting with a pattern, manipulating thepattern into a modified pattern, converting the modified pattern into amotion plan, and executing the motion plan by the CNC machine 100.

At 1010, the pattern can be supplied, for example by the user, to apreview device in the form of a pre-existing image file. The image filecan be in any file format, for example, a JPEG, PDF, bitmap, ScalableVector Graphics (SVG), etc. The preview device can be, for example, amobile device, laptop computer, tablet computer, desktop computer, CNCmachine 100, etc. The image file can also be the same as a source file,and vice versa. Here, we distinguish between an image file and a sourcefile by generally assuming that the image file is not in a finalizedstate to be used as a source file.

Also, image files corresponding to the material 140 on which the patternis to be cut can be specified by, for example, the user, imaged by thecameras in the CNC machine 100, identified from the watermark, etc. Ifimages of the real material 140 are not being acquired by the cameras,then images of the material 140 can be accessed from a library or otherdatabase that stores images of materials. If the material 140 can beidentified, for example by a barcode or by image recognition, thenspecific post-fabrication material 140 properties can be accessed. Forexample, a light colored wood may turn dark when a certain amount oflaser power is applied; this can be determined for a more accuratepreview of what the material 140 will look like post-fabrication. In oneimplementation, the material 140 is uniquely identified e.g. with abarcode and photographed at its point of distribution. The material 140is then obscured with a protective layer. When the material 140 isinserted into the CNC machine 100, instead of showing the protectivelayer, the machine determines the material 140's unique identifier andretrieves the photograph, showing what the material 140 looks likeunderneath the protective layer. If called upon to preview a projectwith that material, it will use the stored image of the material'sappearance in the preview.

At 1020, the pattern can, if needed, be converted to an intermediateformat, for example, an SVG format, and sent to a web browser or othersoftware program capable of manipulating SVG files. The received SVGfile (or other appropriate file type) can be rotated, expanded,translated, or the like, by the native software in the receivingcomputer or by a remote server, and then either those transformations orthe resulting transformed file may be returned to the server.

The image files for the material 140 can be combined with the pattern toprovide a preview of what the cut will look like on the material 140.Additionally, the type of cut can be selected by the user and thepreview updated accordingly. For example, the user can specify a cutdepth for each point on the pattern. The cut depth can range from, forexample, zero (or no effect) to 100 indicating a cut through thematerial 140. Again, a library or database of recorded cuts for thegiven material 140 can be accessed in order to show what the cut willlook like, for example, with the specified depth, on the specifiedmaterial 140. Additional features of the preview can include showingeffects of laser power (scorching), varying the spot size of the laser,etc. For applications involving 3-D printing, the preview can include,for example, displaying the pattern as it is built up, showing thenecessary buttressing to support the pattern, etc.

Notes or other instructions can be generated during the preview andappended as metadata to the source files used to generate the motionplan, for example, comments, instructions, etc. Some metadata can beconverted into a portion of the motion plan while other metadata can bestored for later reference and associated with the motion plan.

At 1030, the manipulated or updated preview can be used to modify orupdate the source files, for example the SVG files, used to generate themotion plan. Data corresponding to the preview can be transmitted to aremote computing device, for example, a server, mainframe, cloudnetwork, etc. Once transmitted, the manipulated preview can be convertedto back to its original file type, another file type, or to a motionplan.

At 1040, the motion plan can be transmitted to one or more computingsystems, CNC machines, etc. The motion plan can then be executed ormodified by the local machine as needed.

Material Overlay

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a material 140 overlay for previewinga project, consistent with some implementations of the current subjectmatter. A graphical representation of what a finished project will lookcan be displayed on a preview device. The preview device can, forexample, be a mobile device, a tablet computer, a desktop computer, ascreen integrated with the CNC machine 100, etc. In one implementation,images of a pattern, for example an outline of a cut, can be overlaidwith images of a material 140, for example from the CNC machine 100 orfrom a data library. The pattern can be modified by the user based on arendering of the pattern on the material 140. In the example of FIG. 11,the top portion shows material 140 with a pattern 1110 overlaid upon itand the grain running the short way across each piece of the pattern1110. If a user wished the pieces to have a grain running the long wayacross each piece of the cut pattern, then the pattern can be rotated asshown in the bottom portion of FIG. 11 resulting in the desired pattern1120.

3-D Preview

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a collection of 2-D patterns previewedas a three dimensional object, consistent with some implementations ofthe current subject matter. In one implementation, 3-D visualization canbe combined with a material 140 preview to render what the finishedproduct will look like given a particular material 140. First, a 3-Ddesign can be provided by, for example, a scan by the CNC machine 100, adata file by the user, etc. Then, a 2-D representation of the pattern tobe cut on the material 140 can be generated to construct the piecesnecessary to construct the 3-D product. For example, if a box wasimaged, then the pattern would show five pieces, the four walls and thebottom.

The material type of the material 140 can be specified or scanned and animage of the material 140 then integrated with the cut pattern. One wayin which the material 140 can be scanned is by placing the material 140in the CNC machine 100 and imaging the material 140 with the cameras.Also, any watermarks, if present, that specify material appearance orother properties can also be acquired. If no scan of real material 140is available, then a material 140 can be selected from a library orother database storing known or standard characteristics for particularmaterials. Once known, the features of the material 140 can be includedin the preview image to show, for example, colors, grain, knots, etc.

The combination of the pattern and preview of the material 140 can berendered as a 3-D image to show what the final product will look likewhen assembled. This can allow the user to interactively manipulate thepreview to, for example, orient portions of the 2-D representation tocapture a particular grain pattern, avoid defects in the material 140surface, etc. Once the user has finalized the preview, data representingthe user-defined cut pattern can be uploaded to the cloud, the CNCmachine 100, or other connected computing system. When the preview stageis complete, any adjustments made by the user to the layout are takeninto account. The process can then proceed by, for example, generatingthe motion plan.

One example of using the material 140 overlay feature is shown in FIG.12. Here, a pattern 1210 for a tall box is shown on a material 140 witha horizontal grain. After the user specifies the pattern 1210 on thematerial 140, a three-dimensional preview 1220 can be generated showingthe finished product and including the features of the material 140, inthis case the grain. When assembled according to the pattern 1210, thethree-dimensional preview 1220 would show a box with sides that haveboth horizontal and vertical grain patterns. To correct this, the usercan manipulate the pattern 1210 to arrive at the pattern 1230. Afterdoing so, the generated three-dimensional preview 1240 would show a boxwith the grain patterns all being vertical.

In another implementation, the extents of the material 140 can beidentified by imaging the material 140 and analyzing the resultantimages. For example, if the material 140 has a known image, such asbeing associated with a specific product, the material 140 can beidentified from archived images of the product. High-contrast featurescan be used to identify candidate material 140 s, for example, featuresof grain, texture, reflectivity, etc. There can be a pattern underneaththe material 140, such as a hex pattern on the support or bed of the CNCmachine 100. When material 140 on the pattern is imaged, missingportions of the pattern can be used to determine the extents of thematerial 140.

Once the extents of the material 140 are identified, the cut pattern canbe located inside the material 140 with the preview or automaticallywhen generating the motion plan. If a user attempts to execute a motionplan that extends outside the extents of the material 140, a warning canbe provided. Alternatively, the CNC machine 100 can be configured to notallow motion plans to be executed outside a defined material boundary.

Kerf Management

Subtractive CNC machines such as CNC mills, lasers, plasma cutters, andwater jets remove a thin strip of material when cutting, called the“kerf”. For example, in a laser with a 0.01″ kerf, cutting a 1″ squarein a piece of material yields a 0.995″ square and a 1.005″ hole, as thelaser cuts down the centerline and removes 0.01″ of material splitevenly between the center and the outside. This can be clearlyundesirable in some applications, as complex calculations must be madeto ensure that parts intersect and join properly. In anotherimplementation, a user can select what part of a cut pattern correspondsto “project” (the dimensions that should be accurate) and whatcorresponds to “scrap” (the dimensions that will be affected by kerf).The selection can occur, for example, in the preview, by marks on thematerial 140, etc. For example, if the user was creating a 1″ square,the user can indicate that with a filled-in one inch square. If the userwanted a 1″ hole, they can create a large filled-in shape with anunfilled 1″ hole, with the unfilled portion designated as scrap.

One challenge with a laser as compared to a CNC mill is that the kerfwidth depends on a large variety of factors, including the material, thelaser power, the ambient temperature, the cut speed, the lens chosen,the focal distance, and more. By comparison, a ⅛″ end mill can beexpected to consistently remove a ⅛″ path of material, regardless of thematerial chosen. Calculating and accounting for kerf width is a criticalchallenge that no laser has solved. For example, if a piece made of woodis to mate properly with a piece made of acrylic, their different kerfsmust be taken into account. However, in this invention, the kerf widthcan be calculated, for example, either by lookup with a known material140, by measurement after cutting and inspecting, by manual entry by theuser after a test cut and manual measurement, etc., and thenautomatically compensated for. The design and/or motion plan can bereorganized by the CNC machine 100 or other server-based computerprogram so that the material 140 perimeter is expanded by onehalf-kerf-measure, so the resulting project is exactly the right size,for example, either 1″ square with a bigger hole, or a 1″ hole with asmaller square.

Parametric Modelling

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating parametric modeling incorporated intoa project preview, consistent with some implementations of the currentsubject matter. Parametric modelling can describe constraining a firstdimension of a portion of a pattern to a second dimension determined bythe system or specified by a user. For example, there can be a pattern1310 where a rectangular slot 1320 of width D is located in the pattern1310. The user can specify that a second pattern 1330 is to contain atab 1340 which will be inserted into the slot 1320. The width D of thetab 1340 is associated with the thickness D of the material 140 that thesecond pattern 1330 is to be cut on. Some variation can be specified,for example, a tight fit, loose fit, etc. Thus, the width D of the slot1320 in the first pattern 1310 can be constrained to generally orprecisely match the thickness D of the material 140 for the secondpattern 830, after accounting for material removed by the kerf. For agiven pattern of slots and tabs, the material 140 thickness can be, forexample, determined automatically by having the CNC machine measure thematerial 140 and report the results back to the software that controlsthe parametric model. This is an improvement on traditional techniques,where if a parametric model was created, the parameters were abstract.In this invention, the parameters may be related to physicalcharacteristics of the materials that may be determined by the machinevia measurement or lookup. In so doing, it is possible for a complexthree dimensional design to be cut reliably from material of varyingthickness.

Any changes to the thickness of the material 140 can propagate throughthe patterns according the specified constraints. This can be acomputationally intensive operation if many cut dimensions need to beadjusted and/or re-optimized. Making such changes is an operationwell-suited to being performed by a server. The updated patterns canthen be displayed as part of the preview. Also, if changes to adimension cause a constrained dimension to violate a predefined rule, analert can be provided to the user. For example, it can be verified thata dimension is not too small or large (too small to be cut or too largeto fit on the material 140), that portions of the pattern would overlap,etc. Any of the parametric modelling or other previewing methodsdescribed herein can be combined with calculations of the kerf size toform a motion plan that will cut pieces that will fit according to thespecified pattern. Also, for motion plans executed across multiplepieces of material 140, changes to one pattern can propagate to theother materials 140, with the corresponding checks executed by thecomputer program generating the motion plans to see that slots/tabs arewithin range and do not cause conflict with any other parts of themotion plans.

Derivative Analysis

Derivative analysis of the motion plan can be used to calculate higherderivatives (of arbitrary degree, for example velocity, acceleration,and jerk) of the motion plan. The derivative analysis can be used todetermine that operational thresholds are never exceeded. The derivativeanalysis can be performed remotely, such as on a cloud-based server.Further, the allowable parameters can be modified based on closed-loopfeedback. For example, if the head constantly overshoots by a smallamount, this can indicate a weak motor that is unable to provide theacceleration required by the motion plan. This condition, possiblyunique to the CNC machine 100, can be corrected for by updating theacceleration parameters in the motion plan. In another example, the usermay indicate that the machine is shaking, possibly because it is sittingon a flimsy table. Parameters may be adjusted to create less vibration.

Compensation for Systematic Error

By analyzing images taken with the cameras, sources of systematic error,which can be unique to each CNC machine 100 and also change over time,can be determined and corrected for. For example, if a part is createdaccording to the motion plan but has a misalignment in one direction,the misalignment can be detected and stored either on the CNC machine100 or on a server. Future motion plans can reference the stored fileand compensate for the misalignment by creating motion plans that offsetthe error, creating a new motion plan or by applying a local correctionto any received commands. This technique can be applied to, for example,alignments, backlash/hysteresis, offsets, rotations, skews, etc.

FIG. 14 is a process flow chart illustrating features of a methodconsistent with implementations of the current subject matter.

At 1410, sensor data can be acquired from at least one sensor.

At 1420, sensor data can be transmitted to a first computing systemseparate from the CNC machine 100. At 1430, the CNC machine 100 canreceive an update to the motion plan from the first computing system. At1440, the motion plan can be updated based on the received update. At1450, the updated motion plan can be executed by the CNC machine 100.

FIG. 15 is a process flow chart illustrating features of a methodconsistent with implementations of the current subject matter. At 1510,a control unit of a computer numerically controlled machine receives,from a general purpose computer, a part of an execution plan created atthe general purpose computer, which is housed separately from thecomputer numerically controlled machine. The execution plan definesoperations for causing movement of a moveable head of the computernumerically controlled machine to deliver electromagnetic energy toeffect a change in a material within an interior space of the computernumerically controlled machine. At 1520, state data for a plurality ofsubsystems of the computer numerically controlled machine are recordedwhile performing operations of the computer numerically controlledmachine defined in the execution plan, and at 1530, the operations arepaused at a point of the execution plan upon determining that a nextpart of the execution plan to be completed has not been received. Theoperations of the execution plan are restarted from the point at 1540.The restarting includes performing one or more actions to place thecomputer numerically controlled machine back into its state at the pointbased on the recorded state data before resuming with the next part ofthe execution plan after it has been received.

FIG. 16 is a process flow chart illustrating features of a methodconsistent with implementations of the current subject matter. At 1610,an execution plan segment of an execution plan created at the generalpurpose computer can be received at a control unit of a computernumerically controlled machine. The execution plan can be from a generalpurpose computer that is housed separately from a computer numericallycontrolled machine. The execution plan segment can define operations forcausing movement of a moveable head of the computer numericallycontrolled machine to deliver electromagnetic energy to effect a changein a material within an interior space of the computer numericallycontrolled machine. The execution plan segment can include a predefinedsafe pausing point from which the execution plan can be restarted whileminimizing a difference in appearance of a finished work-productrelative to if a pause and restart are not necessary.

The execution plan can comprise a motion plan defining movement of themoveable head and control commands for operation of one or more othercomponents of the computer numerically controlled machine. The one ormore other components can comprise one or more of a laser, a powersupply, a fan, a thermal control system, an air filter, a coolant pump,a light source, a camera mounted on the moveable head, a camera, orother components mounted inside the interior space but not on themoveable head.

At 1620, a determination that the execution plan comprises a nextexecution plan segment to be executed after the execution plan segmentcan be made. In some variations, a determination can be made that thenext execution plan segment is fully received by the control unit of acomputer numerically controlled machine.

At 1630, the operations can be paused at the predefined safe pausingpoint until the next execution plan segment is fully received.

At 1640 operations of the computer numerically controlled machinedefined in the execution plan segment can be commenced only afterdetermining that the execution plan segment has been received up to andincluding the predefined safe pausing point by the computer numericallycontrolled machine. Where the next execution plan segment is fullyreceived by the control unit of a computer numerically controlledmachine, the operations of the execution plan can be restarted from thepredefined safe pausing point according to the next execution plansegment after the determining.

In some variations, a forecast of variations in sensor data to begenerated by one or more sensors of the computer numerically controlledmachine during the operations of the execution plan segment can bereceived at the control unit of the computer numerically controlledmachine. The actual data from the one or more sensors can be comparedwith the forecast. The comparison can be performed by one or more of thecomputer numerically controlled machine, a general purpose computer incommunication with the computer numerically controlled machine, or thelike.

In some variations, the forecast can be based on expected electrical,optical, mechanical, thermal results, or the like, of the operations ofthe execution plan.

One or more aspects or features of the subject matter described hereincan be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry,specially designed application specific integrated circuits (ASICs),field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) computer hardware, firmware,software, and/or combinations thereof. These various aspects or featurescan include implementation in one or more computer programs that areexecutable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including atleast one programmable processor, which can be special or generalpurpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmitdata and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device,and at least one output device. The programmable system or computingsystem may include clients and servers. A client and server aregenerally remote from each other and typically interact through acommunication network. The relationship of client and server arises byvirtue of computer programs running on the respective computers andhaving a client-server relationship to each other.

These computer programs, which can also be referred to programs,software, software applications, applications, components, or code,include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can beimplemented in a high-level procedural language, an object-orientedprogramming language, a functional programming language, a logicalprogramming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As usedherein, the term “machine-readable medium” refers to any computerprogram product, apparatus and/or device, such as for example magneticdiscs, optical disks, memory, and Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs),used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmableprocessor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machineinstructions as a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readablesignal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/ordata to a programmable processor. The machine-readable medium can storesuch machine instructions non-transitorily, such as for example as woulda non-transient solid-state memory or a magnetic hard drive or anyequivalent storage medium. The machine-readable medium can alternativelyor additionally store such machine instructions in a transient manner,such as for example as would a processor cache or other random accessmemory associated with one or more physical processor cores.

To provide for interaction with a user, one or more aspects or featuresof the subject matter described herein can be implemented on a computerhaving a display device, such as for example a cathode ray tube (CRT) ora liquid crystal display (LCD) or a light emitting diode (LED) monitorfor displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointingdevice, such as for example a mouse or a trackball, by which the usermay provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used toprovide for interaction with a user as well. For example, feedbackprovided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, such as forexample visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; andinput from the user may be received in any form, including, but notlimited to, acoustic, speech, or tactile input. Other possible inputdevices include, but are not limited to, touch screens or othertouch-sensitive devices such as single or multi-point resistive orcapacitive trackpads, voice recognition hardware and software, opticalscanners, optical pointers, digital image capture devices and associatedinterpretation software, and the like.

In the descriptions above and in the claims, phrases such as “at leastone of” or “one or more of” may occur followed by a conjunctive list ofelements or features. The term “and/or” may also occur in a list of twoor more elements or features. Unless otherwise implicitly or explicitlycontradicted by the context in which it used, such a phrase is intendedto mean any of the listed elements or features individually or any ofthe recited elements or features in combination with any of the otherrecited elements or features. For example, the phrases “at least one ofA and B;” “one or more of A and B;” and “A and/or B” are each intendedto mean “A alone, B alone, or A and B together.” A similarinterpretation is also intended for lists including three or more items.For example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C;” “one or more ofA, B, and C;” and “A, B, and/or C” are each intended to mean “A alone, Balone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, orA and B and C together.” Use of the term “based on,” above and in theclaims is intended to mean, “based at least in part on,” such that anunrecited feature or element is also permissible.

The subject matter described herein can be embodied in systems,apparatus, methods, and/or articles depending on the desiredconfiguration. The implementations set forth in the foregoingdescription do not represent all implementations consistent with thesubject matter described herein. Instead, they are merely some examplesconsistent with aspects related to the described subject matter.Although a few variations have been described in detail above, othermodifications or additions are possible. In particular, further featuresand/or variations can be provided in addition to those set forth herein.For example, the implementations described above can be directed tovarious combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed featuresand/or combinations and subcombinations of several further featuresdisclosed above. In addition, the logic flows depicted in theaccompanying figures and/or described herein do not necessarily requirethe particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirableresults. Other implementations may be within the scope of the followingclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method comprising:receiving, at a control unit of a computer numerically controlledmachine from a general purpose computer that is housed separately from acomputer numerically controlled machine, an execution plan segment of anexecution plan created at the general purpose computer, the executionplan segment defining operations for causing the computer numericallycontrolled machine to deliver electromagnetic energy to effect a changein a material within an interior space of the computer numericallycontrolled machine, the execution plan segment further comprising apredefined safe pausing point from which the execution plan can berestarted while minimizing a difference in an appearance of the changedmaterial machined with the pauses relative to an appearance of thechanged material machined without pauses; and commencing operations ofthe computer numerically controlled machine defined in the executionplan segment in response to determining that the execution plan segmenthas been received up to and including the predefined safe pausing pointby the computer numerically controlled machine.
 2. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: determiningthat the execution plan comprises a next execution plan segment to beexecuted after the execution plan segment; and pausing the operations atthe predefined safe pausing point until the next execution plan segmentis fully received.
 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2,further comprising: determining that the next execution plan segment isfully received; and restarting the operations of the execution plan fromthe predefined safe pausing point according to the next execution plansegment after the determining.
 4. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 1, wherein the execution plan comprises a set of actions necessaryto effect the one or more changes in the material.
 5. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein the one or more othercomponents comprise a laser, a power supply, a fan, a thermal controlsystem, an air filter, a coolant pump, a light source, a camera mountedon a head capable of delivering the electromagnetic energy, and/or acamera mounted inside the interior space but not on the head capable ofdelivering the electromagnetic energy.
 6. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, at the computernumerically controlled machine, a forecast of variations in sensor datato be generated by one or more sensors of the computer numericallycontrolled machine during the operations of the execution plan segment;comparing actual data from the one or more sensors with the forecast toidentify an anomalous condition; and altering operation of at least onecomponent of the computer numerically controlled machine from theexecution plan based on the identified anomalous condition.
 7. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein the forecast is based onan expected electrical, optical, mechanical, and/or thermal results ofthe operations of the execution plan.
 8. A computer numericallycontrolled machine comprising: an Internet connection over which thenumerically controlled machine receives data, the Internet connectionbeing at least one of lossy and having variable latency and havingvariable bandwidth; a head capable of delivering electromagnetic energyto effect one or more changes in a material within an interior space ofthe computer numerically controlled machine; and a controller configuredto at least: receive, via the Internet connection, an execution plansegment of the execution plan created at a general purpose computer, theexecution plan segment defining operations for causing the head todeliver the electromagnetic energy to effect a change in a materialwithin an interior space of the computer numerically controlled machine,the execution plan segment further comprising a predefined safe pausingpoint from which the execution plan can be restarted while minimizing adifference in an appearance of the changed material machined with thepauses relative to an appearance of the changed material machinedwithout pauses; and commence operations of the computer numericallycontrolled machine defined in the execution plan segment in response todetermining that the execution plan segment has been received up to andincluding the predefined safe pausing point by the computer numericallycontrolled machine.
 9. The computer numerically controlled machine ofclaim 8, wherein the controller is further configured to at least:recording state data for a plurality of subsystems of the computernumerically controlled machine while performing operations of thecomputer numerically controlled machine defined in the execution plan;pausing the operations at a point of the execution plan upon determiningthat a next execution plan segment of the execution plan to be completedhas not been received; and restarting the operations of the executionplan from the point, the restarting comprising performing one or moreactions to place the computer numerically controlled machine back intoits state at the point based on the recorded state data before resumingwith the next execution plan segment of the execution plan after it hasbeen received.
 10. The computer numerically controlled machine of claim8, further comprising: determining that the execution plan comprises anext execution plan segment to be executed after the execution plansegment; and pausing the operations at the predefined safe pausing pointuntil the next execution plan segment is fully received.
 11. Thecomputer numerically controlled machine of claim 10, further comprising:determining that the next execution plan segment is fully received; andrestarting the operations of the execution plan from the predefined safepausing point according to the next execution plan segment after thedetermining.
 12. The computer numerically controlled machine of claim 8,wherein the execution plan comprises a set of actions necessary toeffect the one or more changes in the material.
 13. The computernumerically controlled machine of claim 12, wherein the one or moreother components comprise one or more of a laser, a power supply, a fan,a thermal control system, an air filter, a coolant pump, a light source,a camera mounted on the head, and a camera mounted inside the interiorspace but not on the head.
 14. The computer numerically controlledmachine of claim 8, further comprising: receiving, at the computernumerically controlled machine, a forecast of variations in sensor datato be generated by one or more sensors of the computer numericallycontrolled machine during the operations of the execution plan segment;and comparing actual data from the one or more sensors with the forecastto identify an anomalous condition; and altering operation of at leastone component of the computer numerically controlled machine from theexecution plan based on the identified anomalous condition.
 15. Acomputer readable medium comprising a non-transitory machine-readablemedium storing instructions that, when executed by at least oneprogrammable processor, cause the at least one programmable processor toperform operations comprising: receiving, at a control unit of acomputer numerically controlled machine from a general purpose computerthat is housed separately from a computer numerically controlledmachine, an execution plan segment of an execution plan created at thegeneral purpose computer, the execution plan segment defining operationsfor causing the computer numerically controlled machine to deliverelectromagnetic energy to effect a change in a material within aninterior space of the computer numerically controlled machine, theexecution plan segment further comprising a predefined safe pausingpoint from which the execution plan can be restarted while minimizing adifference in an appearance of the changed material machined with thepauses relative to an appearance of the changed material machinedwithout pauses; and commencing operations of the computer numericallycontrolled machine defined in the execution plan segment in response todetermining that the execution plan segment has been received up to andincluding the predefined safe pausing point by the computer numericallycontrolled machine.
 16. The computer readable medium of claim 15, theoperations further comprising: determining that the execution plancomprises a next execution plan segment to be executed after theexecution plan segment; and pausing the operations at the predefinedsafe pausing point until the next execution plan segment is fullyreceived.
 17. The computer readable medium of claim 16, the operationsfurther comprising: determining that the next execution plan segment isfully received; and restarting the operations of the execution plan fromthe predefined safe pausing point according to the next execution plansegment after the determining.
 18. The computer readable medium of claim15, wherein the execution plan comprises a set of actions necessary toeffect the one or more changes in the material.
 19. The computerreadable medium of claim 15, the operations further comprising:receiving, at the computer numerically controlled machine, a forecast ofvariations in sensor data to be generated by one or more sensors of thecomputer numerically controlled machine during the operations of theexecution plan segment; and comparing actual data from the one or moresensors with the forecast to identify an anomalous condition; andaltering operation of at least one component of the computer numericallycontrolled machine from the execution plan based on the identifiedanomalous condition.